Sustainable Refrigerated Road Transport – Investigating the Scale of Carbon Emissions from Direct- Drive Last Mile Refrigerated Vehicles

Conference paper

Evans, J, Francis, C., Davies, G., Maidment, G, Hammond, E and Gigiel, A (2019). Sustainable Refrigerated Road Transport – Investigating the Scale of Carbon Emissions from Direct- Drive Last Mile Refrigerated Vehicles. IOR proceedings. London 07 - 07 Mar 2019
AuthorsEvans, J, Francis, C., Davies, G., Maidment, G, Hammond, E and Gigiel, A
TypeConference paper
Abstract

Decarbonisation of road transport vehicles is associated with some particular challenges, one of which is
refrigerant leakage. The F-Gas regulations (EU) 517/2014, requires both manufacturers and fleet owners of
refrigerated vehicles above 3.5 tonnes to record refrigerant leakage as well as ensure leak tight and efficient
refrigeration systems. In addition, manufacturers and fleet owners have to balance the competing interests of
maintaining temperature control while reducing the energy consumption of these refrigerated vehicles. Thus,
reducing the overall environmental impact (i.e. contribution towards global warming and climate change) of
refrigerated road transport (RRT) systems and developing sustainable designs are imperative for the cold chain
industry.
The research outlined herein consists of two (2) main parts. PART 1 focused on evaluating the scale of direct
carbon emissions from RRT systems. The independent study investigates the annual refrigerant leakage for
belt-driven RRT units typically fitted to light commercial vehicles (approximately 3.5 tonne). It identifies the
extent of leakage from the individual refrigeration components in belt-driven RRT units and explores the likely
root causes and possible solutions. PART 2, investigates the scale of indirect carbon emissions of RRT vehicles.
The paper provides a brief overview of the mathematical modelling and experimental methods used to analyse
the real-time performance of urban direct-drive refrigerated vehicles. Finally, conclusions are drawn from both
parts, which can be incorporated, into best practice guidelines for the design and development of sustainable
refrigerated road transport systems.

KeywordsTransport; Refrigeration
Year2019
Publisher's version
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Open
Publication dates
Print07 Mar 2019
Publication process dates
Deposited14 May 2019
Accepted07 Mar 2019
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Biglia, A, Gemmell, A, Foster, H and Evans, J (2019). Performance of domestic refrigerators in laboratory and home environments. The 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Montreal 24 - 30 Aug 2019
Heat from Underground Energy London (Heat FUEL)
Roscoe Papini Lagoeiro, H., Curry, D, Faulks, G, Bielicki, J, Revesz, A, Davies, G. and Maidment, G (2019). Heat from Underground Energy London (Heat FUEL). IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Montreal, Canada 24 - 30 Aug 2019 https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.icr.2019.1013
Women in the refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pumps industry
Colombo, I., Marques, C., Rodway M., Evans, J., Maidment, G., Voigt A. and Moundjimbi Mombo F-A. (2019). Women in the refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pumps industry. 6th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Nantes, France 26 - 28 Aug 2020 https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.icr.2019.XXX
Refrigerant flow instability as a means to predict the need for defrosting the evaporator in a retail display freezer cabinet
Evans, JA and Lawrence, M (2007). Refrigerant flow instability as a means to predict the need for defrosting the evaporator in a retail display freezer cabinet. International Journal of Refrigeration. 31 (1), pp. 107 - 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.05.015
Assessment of methods to reduce the energy consumption of food cold stores
Evans, JA, Hammond, E, Gigiel, A, Foster, A, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K and Zilio, C (2013). Assessment of methods to reduce the energy consumption of food cold stores. Applied Thermal Engineering. 62 (2), pp. 697-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.10.023
CARE: IIR working group with emphasis on women in refrigeration
Marques, C., Colombo, I, Evans, J, Kauffeld, M, Tarlea, G and Coulomb, D (2018). CARE: IIR working group with emphasis on women in refrigeration. 5th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Beijing, China 06 - 08 Apr 2018 https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0048
Heat Recovery Potential from Urban Underground Infrastructures
Davies, G, Boot-Handford, N, Grice, J, Dennis, W, Ajileye, A, Revesz, A and Maidment, GG (2018). Heat Recovery Potential from Urban Underground Infrastructures. ASHRAE Winter Conference. Chicago 20 - 24 Jan 2018 London South Bank University.
Performance Enhancement of Urban Ground Source Heat Pumps through Interactions with Underground Railway Tunnels
Revesz, A, Chaer, I, Thompson, J, Mavroulidou, M, Gunn, M and Maidment, GG (2018). Performance Enhancement of Urban Ground Source Heat Pumps through Interactions with Underground Railway Tunnels. Ashrae Winter Conference. Chicago 22 - 24 Jan 2018 London South Bank University.
Performance comparison between shorter and conventional air curtains in retail display refrigerators
Pitchers, S, Marques, C., Rees, R, Cooper, R and Hammond, E (2018). Performance comparison between shorter and conventional air curtains in retail display refrigerators. 5th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Beijing, China 06 - 08 Apr 2018 IIR.
Modelling of liquid air energy storage applied to refrigerated cold stores
Negro, D, Brown, T, Foster, A, Damas, A, Tovar Ramos, JE and Evans, J (2018). Modelling of liquid air energy storage applied to refrigerated cold stores. 5th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2018). Beijing, China 06 - 08 Apr 2018 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0027
Financial viability of liquid air energy storage applied to cold storage warehouses.
Foster, A, Negro, D, Varga, L, Hu, Y, Fikiin, K and Evans, J (2018). Financial viability of liquid air energy storage applied to cold storage warehouses. 5th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Beijing, China 06 - 08 Apr 2018 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0067
Benchmarking of supermarket energy consumption
Foster, A, Evans, J and Maidment, GG (2018). Benchmarking of supermarket energy consumption. 5th International Institute of Refrigeration Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Beijing, China, 06 - 08 Apr 2018 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0006
Evaluation of suitability of recycled domestic appliances for re-use
Evans, J, Foster, H and Gemmell, A (2018). Evaluation of suitability of recycled domestic appliances for re-use. 5th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Beijing 07 - 08 Apr 2018 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0051
Numerical study of airflow and temperature distribution in a loaded cold store
Coldrey, P, Moureh, J, Alvarez, G, Leducq, D, Foster, A, Youbi-Idrissi, M, Damas, A and Evans, J (2018). Numerical study of airflow and temperature distribution in a loaded cold store. FOODSIM' 2018. University of Leuven Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium 08 - 12 Apr 2018 pp. 60-67
Control strategy of a novel dry air ground source (DAGS) system
Yebiyo, M, Paurine, A and Maidment, GG (2018). Control strategy of a novel dry air ground source (DAGS) system. CIBSE Technical Symposium 2018, Stretching the Envelop. London 12 - 13 Apr 2018 CIBSE.
Reflective Glass Effect on Energy Consumption and Food Quality in Delicatessen Cabinets
Paurine, A, Maidment, GG and Chaer, I (2018). Reflective Glass Effect on Energy Consumption and Food Quality in Delicatessen Cabinets. CIBSE Technical Symposium. London, UK. 12 - 13 Apr 2018 CIBSE.
Causes, Consequences and Prevention of Refrigeration Fires in Residential Dwellings
Beasley, M, Holborn, P, Ingram, J and Maidment, G (2018). Causes, Consequences and Prevention of Refrigeration Fires in Residential Dwellings. Fire Safety Journal. 102, pp. 66-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.11.001
Combining cooling of underground railways with heat recovery and reuse
Davies, G., Boot-Handford, N, Curry, D, Dennis, W, Ajileye, A, Revesz, A and Maidment, G (2018). Combining cooling of underground railways with heat recovery and reuse. Sustainable Cities and Society. 45, pp. 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.045
Emerging Refrigeration and Freezing Technologies for Food Preservation
Evans, J (2015). Emerging Refrigeration and Freezing Technologies for Food Preservation. in: Innovation and Future Trends in Food Manufacturing and Supply Chain Technologies Elsevier. pp. 175-201
Chilling and freezing with air (static and continuous equipment)
Evans, J (2012). Chilling and freezing with air (static and continuous equipment). in: Mascheroni, R (ed.) Operations in Food Refrigeration (Contemporary Food Engineering) CRC Press. pp. 215
Technologies to reduce refrigeration energy consumption in the food industry
Evans, J (2009). Technologies to reduce refrigeration energy consumption in the food industry. in: Handbook of Waste Management and Co-Product Recovery in Food Processing Elsevier.
Effects of food and beverage storage, distribution, display and consumer handling on shelf life
Evans, J (2011). Effects of food and beverage storage, distribution, display and consumer handling on shelf life. in: Food and Beverage Stability and Shelf Life Woodhead Publishing. pp. 273-302
A review of the performance of domestic refrigerators
James, SJ, Evans, J and James, C (2008). A review of the performance of domestic refrigerators. Journal of Food Engineering. 87 (1), pp. 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.03.032
The use of supercooling for fresh foods: A review
Stonehouse, G and Evans, J (2015). The use of supercooling for fresh foods: A review. Journal of Food Engineering. 148, pp. 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.08.007
Microbial contamination of food refrigeration equipment
Evans, JA, Russell, SL, James, C and Corry, JEL (2003). Microbial contamination of food refrigeration equipment. Journal of Food Engineering. 62 (3), pp. 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(03)00235-8
Design and development of apparatus to provide repeatable surface temperature-time treatments on inoculated food samples
Foster, A, Ketteringham, LP, Swain, MJ, Kondjoyan, A, Havet, M, Rouaud, O and Evans, JA (2005). Design and development of apparatus to provide repeatable surface temperature-time treatments on inoculated food samples. Journal of Food Engineering. 76 (1), pp. 7-18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.012
Design and development of apparatus to provide repeatable surface temperature-time treatments on inoculated food samples
Foster, A, Ketteringham, LP, Swain, MJ, Kondjoyan, A, Havet, M, Rouaud, O and Evans, JA (2005). Design and development of apparatus to provide repeatable surface temperature-time treatments on inoculated food samples. Journal of Food Engineering. 76 (1), pp. 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.012
Predicting the reduction in microbes on the surface of foods during surface pasteurisation-the 'BUGDEATH' project
James, SJ and Evans, JA (2005). Predicting the reduction in microbes on the surface of foods during surface pasteurisation-the 'BUGDEATH' project. Journal of Food Engineering. 76 (1), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.011
Modelling of food transportation systems - a review
James, SJ, James, C and Evans, JA (2006). Modelling of food transportation systems - a review. International Journal of Refrigeration. 29 (6), pp. 947-957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.03.017
Temperature and energy performance of refrigerated retail display and commercial catering cabinets under test conditions
Evans, JA, Scarcelli, S and Swain, MVL (2007). Temperature and energy performance of refrigerated retail display and commercial catering cabinets under test conditions. International Journal of Refrigeration. 30 (3), pp. 398-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.10.006
Humidification of unwrapped chilled meat on retail display using an ultrasonic fogging system.
Brown, T, Corry, JEL and Evans, JA (2007). Humidification of unwrapped chilled meat on retail display using an ultrasonic fogging system. Meat Science. 77 (4), pp. 670-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.05.021
Vascular perfusion chilling of red meat carcasses - A feasibility study.
Brown, T, Ian Richardson, R, Wilkin, C-A and Evans, JA (2009). Vascular perfusion chilling of red meat carcasses - A feasibility study. Meat Science. 83 (4), pp. 666-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.07.017
Reducing energy consumption in cold stores using a freely available mathematical model
Foster, A, Reinholdt, L, Brown, T, Hammond, E and Evans, JA (2015). Reducing energy consumption in cold stores using a freely available mathematical model. Sustainable Cities and Society. 21, pp. 26 - 34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2015.11.006
Women in the Refrigeration Industry
Evans, J, Colombo, I, Marques, C., Kauffeld, M, Coulomb, D and Tarlea, G (2017). Women in the Refrigeration Industry. Ashrae 2017 Winter Conference. Las Vegas 28 Jan - 01 Feb 2017
Metropolitan Integrated Cooling and Heating
Davies, G., Boot-Handford, N, Grice, J, Dennis, W, Rami, R, Nicholls, A and Maidment, GG (2017). Metropolitan Integrated Cooling and Heating. ASHRAE Winter Conference. Las Vegas 28 Jan - 01 Feb 2017
Refrigerated warehouses as intelligent hubs to integrate renewable energy in industrial food refrigeration and to enhance power grid sustainability
Fikiin, K, Stankov, B, Evans, J, Maidment, GG, Foster, A, Brown, T, Radcliffe, J, Youbi-Idrissi, M, Alford, A, Varga, L, Alvarez, G, Ivanov, IE, Bond, C, Colombo, I, Garcia-Naveda, G, Ivanov, I, Hattori, K, Umeki, D, Bojkov, T and Kaloyanov, N (2017). Refrigerated warehouses as intelligent hubs to integrate renewable energy in industrial food refrigeration and to enhance power grid sustainability. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 60, pp. 96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.011
Metering measurement challenges & monitoring of a large scale ground source heat pump (GSHP) system
Yebiyo, M, Maidment, GG, Paurine, A and Day, A (2017). Metering measurement challenges & monitoring of a large scale ground source heat pump (GSHP) system. at American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) winter Conference. Las Vegas 28 Feb - 02 Mar 2017
Domestic Refrigerator Design -Safety Issues and Opportunities
Beasley, M, Holborn, PG, Ingram, JM and Maidment, GG (2017). Domestic Refrigerator Design -Safety Issues and Opportunities. The Institute of Refrigeration Event 2nd March 2017. London South Bank University 02 - 02 Mar 2017
Life-Saving Cooling
Yebiyo, M and Maidment, GG (2017). Life-Saving Cooling. CIBSE journal. 201703.
Community Energy in the UK: The End or the Beginning of a Brighter Future?
Mirzania, P, Andrews, D, Ford, A and Maidment, GG (2017). Community Energy in the UK: The End or the Beginning of a Brighter Future? Energy for Society: 1st international conference on Energy Research & Social Science. Sitges, Spain 05 - 07 Apr 2017
Cooling and recovery of heat from underground railway tunnels for district heating
Davies, G, Maidment, GG, Dennis, W, Ajileye, A and Grice, J (2017). Cooling and recovery of heat from underground railway tunnels for district heating. CIBSE ASHRAE Technical Symposium. Loughborough UK 05 - 06 Apr 2017
Overview of Sustainable Refrigerated Road Transport Systems
Davies, GF, Francis, C., Evans, JA and Maidment, GG (2017). Overview of Sustainable Refrigerated Road Transport Systems. in: Smithers, G, Day, L, Ferranti, P, Fischer, A, Glibetic, M, Knoezer, K, Lee, A, McSweeney, P, Robertson, G, Schasteen, C, Smith, N, Tanner, D and Varelis, P (ed.) Reference Module in Food Science Elsevier.
Potential Impacts of the Montreal Protocol Kigali Amendment to the Choice of Refrigerant Alternatives
Peixoto, R, Kuijpers, L, Polonara, F and Maidment, GG (2017). Potential Impacts of the Montreal Protocol Kigali Amendment to the Choice of Refrigerant Alternatives. CIAR Conbrava 2017. Sao Paulo - Brazil 12 - 17 Sep 2017
Temperature and energy performance of domestic cold appliances in households in England
Biglia, A, Gemmell, A, Foster, H and Evans, J (2017). Temperature and energy performance of domestic cold appliances in households in England. International Journal of Refrigeration. 87, pp. 172-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.10.022
Refrigerant emissions and leakage prevention across Europe - Results from the RealSkillsEurope project
Koronaki, IP, Cowan, D, Maidment, GG, Beerrnan, K, Schreurs, M, Kaar, K, Chaer, I, Gontarz, G, Christodoulaki, RI and Cazauran, X (2012). Refrigerant emissions and leakage prevention across Europe - Results from the RealSkillsEurope project. Energy. 45 (1), pp. 71 - 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.040
Application of short air curtains in retail display refrigerators
Hammond, E, Marques, C. and Ketteringham, LP (2016). Application of short air curtains in retail display refrigerators. 4th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Aukland, New Zealand 07 - 09 Apr 2016 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2016.0007
Investigation of an integrated low carbon solar assisted heat pump
Godbold, R, Paurine, A and Maidment, GG (2016). Investigation of an integrated low carbon solar assisted heat pump. 12th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants. Edinburgh, United Kingdom 21 - 24 Aug 2016 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1193
Women in the cold chain industry
Colombo, I, Marques, C., Evans, J, Kauffeld, M, Tarlea, G and Fournier, S (2016). Women in the cold chain industry. 4th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Auckland, New Zealand 07 - 09 Apr 2016 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2016.0003
Magnetic Attraction
Yebiyo, M and Maidment, GG (2016). Magnetic Attraction. CIBSE journal. 201602, pp. 46-47.
Evaluation of Supermarket Energy Use and Emissions with Various Technology Options
Evans, J, Ge, YT, Tassou, SA, Foster, A and Maidment, GG (2016). Evaluation of Supermarket Energy Use and Emissions with Various Technology Options. Proceedings of IOR. Solihul 03 Mar 2016
Modelling and Evaluation of Supermarket Energy Use and Emissions
Maidment, GG (2016). Modelling and Evaluation of Supermarket Energy Use and Emissions. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration.
Supermarket energy use and greenhouse gas emissions – technology options review
Evans, JA, Maidment, GG, Brown, T, Hammond, E and Foster, A (2016). Supermarket energy use and greenhouse gas emissions – technology options review. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration. London 03 Mar 2016
An investigation of Cooling Unit Performance on the London Underground Railway Network
Maidment, GG (2016). An investigation of Cooling Unit Performance on the London Underground Railway Network. CIBSE technical symposium. Edinburgh 13 - 15 Apr 2016 CIBSE.
Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets
Evans, JA, Maidment, GG, Brown, T, Hammond, E and Foster, A (2016). Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets. 4th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Auckland, New Zealand 07 - 09 Apr 2016 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2016.0042
The Value of hybrid heat pumps
Yebiyo, M and Maidment, GG (2016). The Value of hybrid heat pumps. CIBSE journal. 2016 (Aug).
Large scale cooling using mains water
Davies, G., Maidment, GG, Paurine, A, Rutter, P, Evans, T and Tozer, R (2016). Large scale cooling using mains water. 12th Institute of Refrigeration Gustav Lorentzen Natural Working Fluids Conference. Edinburgh, UK 21 - 24 Aug 2016
Simulation of the heat recovery use of R744 systems in a supermarket
Colombo, I, Maidment, GG, Chaer, I and Paurine, A (2016). Simulation of the heat recovery use of R744 systems in a supermarket. 12th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Natural Working Fluids Conference. Edinburgh, UK 21 - 24 Aug 2016 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1180
Solar assisted heat pumps
Godbold, R, Paurine, A and Maidment, GG (2016). Solar assisted heat pumps. 12th Gustav Lorentzen Natural Working Fluids conference. Edinburgh 20 - 22 Aug 2016
Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets
Evans, J, Maidment, GG, Brown, T, Hammond, E and Foster, A (2016). Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets. IRHACE journal.
An investigation of refrigerant leakage in commercial refrigeration
Francis, C., Maidment, GG and Davies, G. (2016). An investigation of refrigerant leakage in commercial refrigeration. International Journal of Refrigeration. 74 (Feb), pp. 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.10.009
Life Cycle Assessment of salmon cold chains: Comparison between chilling and superchilling technologies
Hoang, HM, Leducq, D, Brown, T, Maidment, GG, Indergård, E and Alvarez, G (2015). Life Cycle Assessment of salmon cold chains: Comparison between chilling and superchilling technologies. Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Yokohama, Japan 16 - 22 Aug 2015 International Institute of Refrigeration. pp. 4574-4581 https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.icr.2015.0440
Modelling and development of sustainable Refrigerated road transport systems
Francis, C, Davies, G., Evans, J, Maughan, P, Sherwood, J and Maidment, GG (2015). Modelling and development of sustainable Refrigerated road transport systems. Refrigeration Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.icr.2015.0324
Development of Supercooling as a storage technique for pork
Evans, J and Stonehouse, G (2015). Development of Supercooling as a storage technique for pork. Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Yokohama, Japan 16 - 22 Aug 2015 International Institute of Refrigeration. pp. 2611-2618 https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.icr.2015.0487
Métodos para evaluar el uso de energía en los almacenes frigoríficos para alimentos (Methods to assess energy usage in food cold stores)
Evans, J, Foster, A, Huet, JM, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Zilio, C, Houska, M, Landfeld, A, Bond, C, Scheurs, M and Van Sambeeck, T (2015). Métodos para evaluar el uso de energía en los almacenes frigoríficos para alimentos (Methods to assess energy usage in food cold stores). FRIO CALOR AIRE ACONDICIONADO.
Introducing energetic and capacitive energy efficiency measures in the sector of chilled and frozen food storage via an electronic platform
Evans, J, Heereman Von Zuydtwyck, R, Beckmann, H and Otting, K (2015). Introducing energetic and capacitive energy efficiency measures in the sector of chilled and frozen food storage via an electronic platform. 1st International Conference on Agrifood SCM & Green Logistics. Chalkidiki, Greece 27 - 30 May 2015 GREEN-AgriChains Project.
Minimising product moisture loss in professional service cabinets
Marques, C., Hammond, E and Wood, I (2015). Minimising product moisture loss in professional service cabinets. The 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration - Improving Quality of Life, Preserving the Earth. Yokohama, Japan 16 - 22 Aug 2015 https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.icr.2015.0525
Use of phase change materials in retail display cabinets to reduce the effect of defrosts
Foster, A, Orlandi, M, Brown, T and Evans, J (2015). Use of phase change materials in retail display cabinets to reduce the effect of defrosts. The 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Yokohama, Japan 16 - 22 Aug 2015 International Institute of Refrigeration.
A Novel Passive Defrost System for a Frozen Retail Display Cabinet with a Low Evaporator
Foster, A, Campbell, R, Davies, T and Evans, J (2015). A Novel Passive Defrost System for a Frozen Retail Display Cabinet with a Low Evaporator. The 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Yokohama, Japan 16 - 22 Aug 2015 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Ground source heat pumps and their interactions with underground railway tunnels in an urban environment: A review
Revesz, A, Chaer, I, Thompson, J, Mavroulidou, M, Gunn, MJ and Maidment, GG (2015). Ground source heat pumps and their interactions with underground railway tunnels in an urban environment: A review. Applied Thermal Engineering. 93, pp. 147 - 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.011
Application of Vacuum Insulated Panels in Commercial Service Cabinets
Hammond, E. and Marques, C. (2014). Application of Vacuum Insulated Panels in Commercial Service Cabinets. 3rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London 23 - 26 Jun 2014 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Modelling and measurement of a moving magnet linear compressor performance
Liang, K., Stone, R., Davies, G., Dadd, M. and Bailey, P. (2014). Modelling and measurement of a moving magnet linear compressor performance. Energy. 66, pp. 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.035
Use of heat pipes to improve temperature performance of a chilled refrigerated display cabinet
Foster, A, Orlandi, M and Evans, J (2014). Use of heat pipes to improve temperature performance of a chilled refrigerated display cabinet. 3rd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Twickenham, London, UK 23 - 25 Jun 2014 International Institute of Refrigeration. pp. 117-124
Estimation of Cooling Energy Demand and Carbon Emissions from Urban Buildings using a Quasi-dynamic Model
Cowan, D, Maidment, GG and Chaer, I (2014). Estimation of Cooling Energy Demand and Carbon Emissions from Urban Buildings using a Quasi-dynamic Model. ASHRAE 2014 Winter Conference. New York city, USA 18 - 22 Jan 2014 London South Bank University.
Reducing domestic food waste by lowering home refrigerator temperatures
Brown, T, Hipps, N, Easteal, S, Parry, A and Evans, JA (2014). Reducing domestic food waste by lowering home refrigerator temperatures. International Journal of Refrigeration. 40, pp. 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.11.021
Novel Aerofoils used for Reducing Energy Consumption and Improving Temperature Performance for Multi-Deck Refrigerated Display Cabinets
Foster, A, McAndrew, P and Evans, JA (2014). Novel Aerofoils used for Reducing Energy Consumption and Improving Temperature Performance for Multi-Deck Refrigerated Display Cabinets. Proc. of 3rd IIR International Conference on the Cold Chain and Sustainability. Twickenham, UK 23 - 25 Jun 2014 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Methods to assess energy usage in food cold stores
Evans, JA, Foster, A, Huet, JM, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Zilio, C, Houska, M, Landfeld, A, Bond, C, Scheurs, M and Van Sambeeck, T (2014). Methods to assess energy usage in food cold stores. 3rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London 23 - 26 Jun 2014 International Institute of Refrigeration. pp. 150-157
Towards sustainability in cold chains: Development of a quality, energy and environmental assessment tool (QEEAT)
Gwanpua, SG, Verboven, P, Brown, T, Leducq, D, Verlinden, BE, Evans, JA, Van der Sluis, S, Wissink, E, Taoukis, P, Gogou, E, Stahl, V, El Jabri, M, Thuault, D, Claussen, I, Indergård, E, Nicolai, BM, Alvarez, G and Geeraerd, AH (2014). Towards sustainability in cold chains: Development of a quality, energy and environmental assessment tool (QEEAT). 3rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: London, UK, June 23-25, 2014. London 23 - 26 Jun 2014 International Institute of Refrigeration. pp. 525-531
Temperature control in domestic refrigerators and freezers
Evans, JA, Foster, A and Brown, T (2014). Temperature control in domestic refrigerators and freezers. Refrigeration Science and Technology.
Rendimiento Energético Delalmacenamiento en Frío (Cold store energy performance)
Evans, J, Foster, A, Huet, JM, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Zilio, C, Houska, M, Landfeld, A, Bond, C, Scheurs, M and Van Sambeeck, T (2014). Rendimiento Energético Delalmacenamiento en Frío (Cold store energy performance). Frío Calor Aire Acondicionado. 43.
Application of Vacuum Insulation Panels in the cold chain - Analysis of viability
Hammond, E and Evans, JA (2014). Application of Vacuum Insulation Panels in the cold chain - Analysis of viability. International Journal of Refrigeration. 47, pp. 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.07.010
A Carbon Footprint Study and a Life Cycle Assessment of an identical Refrigerated Display Cabinet: comparative analysis of the respective ratios of embodied and operational impacts
Bibalou, D, Andrews, D, Chaer, I, Maidment, GG and Longhurst, M (2014). A Carbon Footprint Study and a Life Cycle Assessment of an identical Refrigerated Display Cabinet: comparative analysis of the respective ratios of embodied and operational impacts. 4th International Conference on Life Cycle Approaches. Lille, France 05 - 06 Nov 2014 Forum for Sustainability Through Life Cycle Innovation.
Noise reduction in commercial refrigerators - a practical approach
Marques, A. C., Gomez-Agustina, L., Dance, S., Hammond, E. and Wood I. (2013). Noise reduction in commercial refrigerators - a practical approach . 20th International Congress on Sound and Vibration. Bangkok, Thailand 07 - 11 Jul 2013
Initiatives to reduce energy use in cold stores
Foster, A, Zilio, C, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Scheurs, M, Bond, C, Houska, M, Van Sambeeck, T and Evans, J (2013). Initiatives to reduce energy use in cold stores. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration.. Solihull 07 - 07 Mar 2013 Institute of Refrigeration.
Multi-objective optimization of storage temperature of apple to minimise energy use
Verboven, P, Verlinden, BE, Gwanpua, SG, Leducq, D, Evans, J, Brown, T, Nicolai, B and Geeraerd, A (2013). Multi-objective optimization of storage temperature of apple to minimise energy use. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
A quality, energy and environmental assessment tool for the European cold chain
Gwanpua, SG, Verboven, P, Verlinden, BE, Van der Sluis, S, Wissink, E, Evans, JA, Brown, T, Leducq, D, Alvarez, G, Taoukis, P, Stahl, V, Thault, D, Claussen, I, Indergård, E, Nicolai, BM and Geeraerd, A (2013). A quality, energy and environmental assessment tool for the European cold chain. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Cold store energy performance
Evans, JA, Foster, A, Huet, JM, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Zilio, C, Houska, M, Landfeld, A, Bond, C, Scheurs, M and Van Sambeeck, T (2013). Cold store energy performance. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2103 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Improving the energy performance of cold stores
Evans, J, Hammond, E, Gigiel, A, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K and Zilio, C (2013). Improving the energy performance of cold stores. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris, France 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Freely available cold store energy models
Evans, J, Foster, A, Zilio, C, Corradi, M and Reinholdt, L (2013). Freely available cold store energy models. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
A novel PCM thermo siphon defrost system for a frozen retail display cabinet
Evans, J, Foster, A, Campbell, R and Davies, T (2013). A novel PCM thermo siphon defrost system for a frozen retail display cabinet. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris, France 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
The potential for saving food waste by lowering home refrigerator temperatures
Evans, J, Brown, T, Hipps, N, Easteal, S and Parry, A (2013). The potential for saving food waste by lowering home refrigerator temperatures. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
The potential for saving food waste by freezing food at home
Evans, J, Brown, T, Hipps, N, Easteal, S and Parry, A (2013). The potential for saving food waste by freezing food at home. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Theoretical modelling and experimental investigation of a thermal energy storage refrigerator
Marques, C., Davies, G., Evans, JA, Maidment, GG and Wood, ID (2013). Theoretical modelling and experimental investigation of a thermal energy storage refrigerator. Energy. 55, pp. 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.091
The use of phase change materials in domestic refrigerator applications
Evans, J, Marques, C., Davies, G, Maidment, GG and Wood, ID (2013). The use of phase change materials in domestic refrigerator applications. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration 2013-2014. London, UK 07 Nov 2013 Institute of Refrigeration.
Specific energy consumption values for various refrigerated food cold stores
Evans, JA, Foster, A, Huet, JM, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Zilio, C, Houska, M, Landfeld, A, Bond, C, Scheurs, M and Van Sambeeck, T (2013). Specific energy consumption values for various refrigerated food cold stores. Energy and Buildings. 74, pp. 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.075
Novel design and performance enhancement of domestic refrigerators with thermal storage
Marques, C., Davies, G., Maidment, GG, Evans, JA and Wood, ID (2013). Novel design and performance enhancement of domestic refrigerators with thermal storage. Applied Thermal Engineering. 63 (2), pp. 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.11.043
Reducing domestic food waste by freezing at home
Brown, T, Hipps, N, Easteal, S, Parry, A and Evans, JA (2013). Reducing domestic food waste by freezing at home. International Journal of Refrigeration. 40, pp. 362-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.12.009
Potential life cycle carbon savings with low emissivity packaging for refrigerated food on display
Davies, G., Man, CMD, Andrews, D, Paurine, A, Hutchins, MG and Maidment, GG (2012). Potential life cycle carbon savings with low emissivity packaging for refrigerated food on display. Journal of Food Engineering. 109 (2), pp. 202-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.018
Description and validation of a computer based refrigeration system simulator
Eames, IW, Brown, T, Evans, JA and Maidment, GG (2012). Description and validation of a computer based refrigeration system simulator. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 85, pp. 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2012.03.010
Carbon dioxide refrigeration with heat recovery for supermarkets
Colombo, I, Maidment, GG, Chaer, I and Missenden, JM (2012). Carbon dioxide refrigeration with heat recovery for supermarkets. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies. 9 (1), pp. 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/cts040
Modelling of a thermal storage refrigerator
Marques, C., Davies, G., Evans, J., Maidment, G. and Wood I. (2011). Modelling of a thermal storage refrigerator. The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Prague, Czech Republic 01 - 01 Aug 2011 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Air cycle combined heating and cooling for the food industry
Foster, A, Brown, T, Gigiel, A, Alford, A and Evans, JA (2011). Air cycle combined heating and cooling for the food industry. International Journal of Refrigeration. 34 (5), pp. 1296-1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.03.016
Mathematical Modelling Of Air Cycle Systems For Combined Heating And Cooling
Brown, T, Foster, A and Evans, JA (2011). Mathematical Modelling Of Air Cycle Systems For Combined Heating And Cooling. The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Prague, Czech Republic 01 - 01 Aug 2011 International Institute of Refrigeration.
REAL Zero – Reducing refrigerant emissions & leakage- feedback from the IOR Project
Cowan, D, Gartshore, J, Christina, F, Chaer, I and Maidment, GG (2011). REAL Zero – Reducing refrigerant emissions & leakage- feedback from the IOR Project. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration.
Feasibility Of Using Vascular Perfusion Chilling For Red Meat Carcasses
Brown, T and Evans, JA (2011). Feasibility Of Using Vascular Perfusion Chilling For Red Meat Carcasses. The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Prague, Czech Republic 21 - 26 Aug 2011 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Novel Design and Performance of Domestic Refrigerators
Marques, C., Evans, J., Davies, G., Maidment, G. and Wood I. (2010). Novel Design and Performance of Domestic Refrigerators. 1st IIR International Cold Chain Conference. UK, Cambridge 29 - 31 Mar 2010 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Application of Phase Change Materials to Domestic Refrigerators
Marques, C., Davies, G., Maidment, G., Evans, J. and Wood I. (2010). Application of Phase Change Materials to Domestic Refrigerators. 9th IIR Conference on Phase Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning. Sofia, Bulgaria 29 Sep 210 - 01 Oct 2010 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Energy consumption in the UK food chill chain – primary chilling
Evans, J, Swain, M and James, S (2008). Energy consumption in the UK food chill chain – primary chilling. Food Manufacturing Efficiency. 2 (2), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1616/1750-2683.0033
Development of a novel multi-capillary, multi-temperature commercial refrigerator cabinet with common low-pressure receiver
Evans, JA, Hammond, E and Gigiel, A (2007). Development of a novel multi-capillary, multi-temperature commercial refrigerator cabinet with common low-pressure receiver. International Journal of Refrigeration. 31 (3), pp. 464-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.07.015
New apparatus to provide repeatable surface temperature-time treatments on inoculated food samples
Foster, A, Ketteringham, LP, Purnell, GL, Kondjoyan, A, Havet, M and Evans, JA (2006). New apparatus to provide repeatable surface temperature-time treatments on inoculated food samples. Journal of Food Engineering. 76 (1), pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.027
Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling to retail display and storage of food
Foster, A, Evans, J and James, SJ (2006). Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling to retail display and storage of food. CHISA 2006 - 17th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering. Prague, Czech Republic 27 - 31 Aug 2006 Czech Society of Chemical Engineering.
The changing face of refrigeration
Evans, J (2005). The changing face of refrigeration. Institute of Food Science and Technology. 19 (2), pp. 17-19.
The use of CFD to improve the performance of a chilled multi-deck retail display cabinet
Foster, A, Madge, M and Evans, JA (2005). The use of CFD to improve the performance of a chilled multi-deck retail display cabinet. International Journal of Refrigeration. 28 (5), pp. 698-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2004.12.009