Causes, Consequences and Prevention of Refrigeration Fires in Residential Dwellings

Journal article


Beasley, M, Holborn, P, Ingram, J and Maidment, G (2018). Causes, Consequences and Prevention of Refrigeration Fires in Residential Dwellings. Fire Safety Journal. 102, pp. 66-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.11.001
AuthorsBeasley, M, Holborn, P, Ingram, J and Maidment, G
Abstract

There are around 300 residential dwelling fires in Great Britain each year where a fridge or freezer is cited as the cause. A number of these incidents have resulted in injuries/fatalities and produced significant levels of property damage. This paper examines the causes and consequences of refrigeration fires in residential dwelling fires in Great Britain (London and England) and the evidence collected via fire investigation of residential dwelling fires involving fridges or freezers. Analysis of the data collected from these fires suggests that, once ignition occurs, fires started by faults in fridge/freezers are more likely to spread beyond both the appliance and the room of origin, and tend to cause more damage than fires started by the other types of white goods appliance (washing machine, dishwasher or tumble dryer). A number of common failure modes leading to ignition in domestic refrigeration fires, along with specific fire escalation and spread mechanism are identified. Based upon the information obtained from fire investigations and a comparison between the design and construction of refrigeration appliances used in Great Britain and USA, a number of recommendations are suggested which could be used to help reduce the risk of domestic refrigeration fires.

Keywordsrefrigeration fires; residential dwelling fires; fire damage; white goods; ignition failure modes; fire escalation mechanisms; 0904 Chemical Engineering; Civil Engineering
Year2018
JournalFire Safety Journal
Journal citation102, pp. 66-67
PublisherElsevier
ISSN0379-7112
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.11.001
Publication dates
Print03 Nov 2018
Publication process dates
Deposited12 Nov 2018
Accepted02 Nov 2018
Accepted author manuscript
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Open
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Maidment, GG (2016). Modelling and Evaluation of Supermarket Energy Use and Emissions. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration.
Supermarket energy use and greenhouse gas emissions – technology options review
Evans, JA, Maidment, GG, Brown, T, Hammond, E and Foster, A (2016). Supermarket energy use and greenhouse gas emissions – technology options review. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration. London 03 Mar 2016
An investigation of Cooling Unit Performance on the London Underground Railway Network
Maidment, GG (2016). An investigation of Cooling Unit Performance on the London Underground Railway Network. CIBSE technical symposium. Edinburgh 13 - 15 Apr 2016 CIBSE.
Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets
Evans, JA, Maidment, GG, Brown, T, Hammond, E and Foster, A (2016). Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets. 4th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Auckland, New Zealand 07 - 09 Apr 2016 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc.2016.0042
An experimental and CFD study into the dispersion of buoyant gas using passive venting in a small fuel cell enclosure
Ghatauray, T, Ingram, JM and Holborn, PG (2016). An experimental and CFD study into the dispersion of buoyant gas using passive venting in a small fuel cell enclosure. IChemE Hazards 26. Edinburgh 24 - 26 May 2016
The Value of hybrid heat pumps
Yebiyo, M and Maidment, GG (2016). The Value of hybrid heat pumps. CIBSE journal. 2016 (Aug).
Large scale cooling using mains water
Davies, G., Maidment, GG, Paurine, A, Rutter, P, Evans, T and Tozer, R (2016). Large scale cooling using mains water. 12th Institute of Refrigeration Gustav Lorentzen Natural Working Fluids Conference. Edinburgh, UK 21 - 24 Aug 2016
Simulation of the heat recovery use of R744 systems in a supermarket
Colombo, I, Maidment, GG, Chaer, I and Paurine, A (2016). Simulation of the heat recovery use of R744 systems in a supermarket. 12th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Natural Working Fluids Conference. Edinburgh, UK 21 - 24 Aug 2016 IIR. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1180
Solar assisted heat pumps
Godbold, R, Paurine, A and Maidment, GG (2016). Solar assisted heat pumps. 12th Gustav Lorentzen Natural Working Fluids conference. Edinburgh 20 - 22 Aug 2016
Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets
Evans, J, Maidment, GG, Brown, T, Hammond, E and Foster, A (2016). Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets. IRHACE journal.
Fire suppression systems in aircraft: Their past, present & future
Benson, CM, Fernandez-Cerezo, G, Holborn, PG and Mba, D (2016). Fire suppression systems in aircraft: Their past, present & future. Fire Investigation. 1 (3), pp. 34-41.
An investigation of refrigerant leakage in commercial refrigeration
Francis, C., Maidment, GG and Davies, G. (2016). An investigation of refrigerant leakage in commercial refrigeration. International Journal of Refrigeration. 74 (Feb), pp. 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.10.009
Challenges for the development of EFFICIENT - An Environmentally Friendly Fire Suppression System for Cargo using Innovative Green Technology
Fernandez-Cerezo, G, Benson, CM, Holborn, PG and Mba, D (2016). Challenges for the development of EFFICIENT - An Environmentally Friendly Fire Suppression System for Cargo using Innovative Green Technology. Institute of Fire Engineers RE16. Birmingham Nov 2016
Life Cycle Assessment of salmon cold chains: Comparison between chilling and superchilling technologies
Hoang, HM, Leducq, D, Brown, T, Maidment, GG, Indergård, E and Alvarez, G (2015). Life Cycle Assessment of salmon cold chains: Comparison between chilling and superchilling technologies. Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Yokohama, Japan 16 - 22 Aug 2015 International Institute of Refrigeration. pp. 4574-4581 https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.icr.2015.0440
Modelling and development of sustainable Refrigerated road transport systems
Francis, C, Davies, G., Evans, J, Maughan, P, Sherwood, J and Maidment, GG (2015). Modelling and development of sustainable Refrigerated road transport systems. Refrigeration Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.icr.2015.0324
Ground source heat pumps and their interactions with underground railway tunnels in an urban environment: A review
Revesz, A, Chaer, I, Thompson, J, Mavroulidou, M, Gunn, MJ and Maidment, GG (2015). Ground source heat pumps and their interactions with underground railway tunnels in an urban environment: A review. Applied Thermal Engineering. 93, pp. 147 - 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.011
Estimation of Cooling Energy Demand and Carbon Emissions from Urban Buildings using a Quasi-dynamic Model
Cowan, D, Maidment, GG and Chaer, I (2014). Estimation of Cooling Energy Demand and Carbon Emissions from Urban Buildings using a Quasi-dynamic Model. ASHRAE 2014 Winter Conference. New York city, USA 18 - 22 Jan 2014 London South Bank University.
A Carbon Footprint Study and a Life Cycle Assessment of an identical Refrigerated Display Cabinet: comparative analysis of the respective ratios of embodied and operational impacts
Bibalou, D, Andrews, D, Chaer, I, Maidment, GG and Longhurst, M (2014). A Carbon Footprint Study and a Life Cycle Assessment of an identical Refrigerated Display Cabinet: comparative analysis of the respective ratios of embodied and operational impacts. 4th International Conference on Life Cycle Approaches. Lille, France 05 - 06 Nov 2014 Forum for Sustainability Through Life Cycle Innovation.
Theoretical modelling and experimental investigation of a thermal energy storage refrigerator
Marques, C., Davies, G., Evans, JA, Maidment, GG and Wood, ID (2013). Theoretical modelling and experimental investigation of a thermal energy storage refrigerator. Energy. 55, pp. 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.091
The use of phase change materials in domestic refrigerator applications
Evans, J, Marques, C., Davies, G, Maidment, GG and Wood, ID (2013). The use of phase change materials in domestic refrigerator applications. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration 2013-2014. London, UK 07 Nov 2013 Institute of Refrigeration.
Novel design and performance enhancement of domestic refrigerators with thermal storage
Marques, C., Davies, G., Maidment, GG, Evans, JA and Wood, ID (2013). Novel design and performance enhancement of domestic refrigerators with thermal storage. Applied Thermal Engineering. 63 (2), pp. 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.11.043
Potential life cycle carbon savings with low emissivity packaging for refrigerated food on display
Davies, G., Man, CMD, Andrews, D, Paurine, A, Hutchins, MG and Maidment, GG (2012). Potential life cycle carbon savings with low emissivity packaging for refrigerated food on display. Journal of Food Engineering. 109 (2), pp. 202-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.018
Description and validation of a computer based refrigeration system simulator
Eames, IW, Brown, T, Evans, JA and Maidment, GG (2012). Description and validation of a computer based refrigeration system simulator. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 85, pp. 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2012.03.010
Carbon dioxide refrigeration with heat recovery for supermarkets
Colombo, I, Maidment, GG, Chaer, I and Missenden, JM (2012). Carbon dioxide refrigeration with heat recovery for supermarkets. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies. 9 (1), pp. 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/cts040
Modelling of a thermal storage refrigerator
Marques, C., Davies, G., Evans, J., Maidment, G. and Wood I. (2011). Modelling of a thermal storage refrigerator. The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Prague, Czech Republic 01 - 01 Aug 2011 International Institute of Refrigeration.
REAL Zero – Reducing refrigerant emissions & leakage- feedback from the IOR Project
Cowan, D, Gartshore, J, Christina, F, Chaer, I and Maidment, GG (2011). REAL Zero – Reducing refrigerant emissions & leakage- feedback from the IOR Project. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration.
Novel Design and Performance of Domestic Refrigerators
Marques, C., Evans, J., Davies, G., Maidment, G. and Wood I. (2010). Novel Design and Performance of Domestic Refrigerators. 1st IIR International Cold Chain Conference. UK, Cambridge 29 - 31 Mar 2010 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Application of Phase Change Materials to Domestic Refrigerators
Marques, C., Davies, G., Maidment, G., Evans, J. and Wood I. (2010). Application of Phase Change Materials to Domestic Refrigerators. 9th IIR Conference on Phase Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning. Sofia, Bulgaria 29 Sep 210 - 01 Oct 2010 International Institute of Refrigeration.