Modelling of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from a quick service restaurant

Conference paper

Eid, E., Foster, A., Alvarez, G., Campbell, R. and Evans, J. (2024). Modelling of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from a quick service restaurant. 2024 8th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Tokyo, Japan 09 Jun - 11 Jul 2024 International Institute of Refrigeration. https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc2024.1008
AuthorsEid, E., Foster, A., Alvarez, G., Campbell, R. and Evans, J.
TypeConference paper
Abstract

Efficient refrigeration and cooking equipment and other innovating technologies in the food service sector need to be considered to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. In quick service restaurants (QSRs), there is a strong interaction between the structure, internal machinery, customers, and the store HVAC system. The impact of these interactions was modelled using EnergyPlus in a UK-based QSR, validating results against other research studies. It explored the effects of applying carbon saving technologies and predicted climate change impacts and grid conversion factors from 2020 to 2050. Findings revealed that among the individual technologies applied, enhanced efficiency of 20% in refrigeration and kitchen equipment gave the most favourable outcome, contributing to a 15.6% reduction in carbon emissions. Results also showed that combining technologies could achieve 39.7% savings in carbon emissions while predicted changes in electrical carbon factors could potentially yield 98.5% reduction in carbon emissions between 2020 and 2050.

KeywordsRefrigeration, Food service, Mathematical model, EnergyPlus, Energy use, Greenhouse gas emissions
Year2024
PublisherInternational Institute of Refrigeration
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.iccc2024.1008
Web address (URL)https://biz.knt.co.jp/tour/2024/iccc2024/index.html
Accepted author manuscript
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Open
Publication dates
Print10 Jun 2024
Publication process dates
AcceptedMar 2024
Deposited30 Jul 2024
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Evans, JA, Foster, A and Brown, T (2014). Temperature control in domestic refrigerators and freezers. Refrigeration Science and Technology.
Rendimiento Energético Delalmacenamiento en Frío (Cold store energy performance)
Evans, J, Foster, A, Huet, JM, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Zilio, C, Houska, M, Landfeld, A, Bond, C, Scheurs, M and Van Sambeeck, T (2014). Rendimiento Energético Delalmacenamiento en Frío (Cold store energy performance). Frío Calor Aire Acondicionado. 43.
Application of Vacuum Insulation Panels in the cold chain - Analysis of viability
Hammond, E and Evans, JA (2014). Application of Vacuum Insulation Panels in the cold chain - Analysis of viability. International Journal of Refrigeration. 47, pp. 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.07.010
Initiatives to reduce energy use in cold stores
Foster, A, Zilio, C, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Scheurs, M, Bond, C, Houska, M, Van Sambeeck, T and Evans, J (2013). Initiatives to reduce energy use in cold stores. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration.. Solihull 07 - 07 Mar 2013 Institute of Refrigeration.
Multi-objective optimization of storage temperature of apple to minimise energy use
Verboven, P, Verlinden, BE, Gwanpua, SG, Leducq, D, Evans, J, Brown, T, Nicolai, B and Geeraerd, A (2013). Multi-objective optimization of storage temperature of apple to minimise energy use. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
A quality, energy and environmental assessment tool for the European cold chain
Gwanpua, SG, Verboven, P, Verlinden, BE, Van der Sluis, S, Wissink, E, Evans, JA, Brown, T, Leducq, D, Alvarez, G, Taoukis, P, Stahl, V, Thault, D, Claussen, I, Indergård, E, Nicolai, BM and Geeraerd, A (2013). A quality, energy and environmental assessment tool for the European cold chain. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Cold store energy performance
Evans, JA, Foster, A, Huet, JM, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Zilio, C, Houska, M, Landfeld, A, Bond, C, Scheurs, M and Van Sambeeck, T (2013). Cold store energy performance. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2103 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Improving the energy performance of cold stores
Evans, J, Hammond, E, Gigiel, A, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K and Zilio, C (2013). Improving the energy performance of cold stores. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris, France 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Freely available cold store energy models
Evans, J, Foster, A, Zilio, C, Corradi, M and Reinholdt, L (2013). Freely available cold store energy models. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
A novel PCM thermo siphon defrost system for a frozen retail display cabinet
Evans, J, Foster, A, Campbell, R and Davies, T (2013). A novel PCM thermo siphon defrost system for a frozen retail display cabinet. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, 2013. Paris, France 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
The potential for saving food waste by lowering home refrigerator temperatures
Evans, J, Brown, T, Hipps, N, Easteal, S and Parry, A (2013). The potential for saving food waste by lowering home refrigerator temperatures. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
The potential for saving food waste by freezing food at home
Evans, J, Brown, T, Hipps, N, Easteal, S and Parry, A (2013). The potential for saving food waste by freezing food at home. 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Paris 02 - 04 Apr 2013 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Theoretical modelling and experimental investigation of a thermal energy storage refrigerator
Marques, C., Davies, G., Evans, JA, Maidment, GG and Wood, ID (2013). Theoretical modelling and experimental investigation of a thermal energy storage refrigerator. Energy. 55, pp. 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.091
The use of phase change materials in domestic refrigerator applications
Evans, J, Marques, C., Davies, G, Maidment, GG and Wood, ID (2013). The use of phase change materials in domestic refrigerator applications. Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration 2013-2014. London, UK 07 Nov 2013 Institute of Refrigeration.
Specific energy consumption values for various refrigerated food cold stores
Evans, JA, Foster, A, Huet, JM, Reinholdt, L, Fikiin, K, Zilio, C, Houska, M, Landfeld, A, Bond, C, Scheurs, M and Van Sambeeck, T (2013). Specific energy consumption values for various refrigerated food cold stores. Energy and Buildings. 74, pp. 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.075
Novel design and performance enhancement of domestic refrigerators with thermal storage
Marques, C., Davies, G., Maidment, GG, Evans, JA and Wood, ID (2013). Novel design and performance enhancement of domestic refrigerators with thermal storage. Applied Thermal Engineering. 63 (2), pp. 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.11.043
Reducing domestic food waste by freezing at home
Brown, T, Hipps, N, Easteal, S, Parry, A and Evans, JA (2013). Reducing domestic food waste by freezing at home. International Journal of Refrigeration. 40, pp. 362-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.12.009
Description and validation of a computer based refrigeration system simulator
Eames, IW, Brown, T, Evans, JA and Maidment, GG (2012). Description and validation of a computer based refrigeration system simulator. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 85, pp. 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2012.03.010
Modelling of a thermal storage refrigerator
Marques, C., Davies, G., Evans, J., Maidment, G. and Wood I. (2011). Modelling of a thermal storage refrigerator. The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Prague, Czech Republic 01 - 01 Aug 2011 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Air cycle combined heating and cooling for the food industry
Foster, A, Brown, T, Gigiel, A, Alford, A and Evans, JA (2011). Air cycle combined heating and cooling for the food industry. International Journal of Refrigeration. 34 (5), pp. 1296-1304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.03.016
Mathematical Modelling Of Air Cycle Systems For Combined Heating And Cooling
Brown, T, Foster, A and Evans, JA (2011). Mathematical Modelling Of Air Cycle Systems For Combined Heating And Cooling. The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Prague, Czech Republic 01 - 01 Aug 2011 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Feasibility Of Using Vascular Perfusion Chilling For Red Meat Carcasses
Brown, T and Evans, JA (2011). Feasibility Of Using Vascular Perfusion Chilling For Red Meat Carcasses. The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration. Prague, Czech Republic 21 - 26 Aug 2011 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Novel Design and Performance of Domestic Refrigerators
Marques, C., Evans, J., Davies, G., Maidment, G. and Wood I. (2010). Novel Design and Performance of Domestic Refrigerators. 1st IIR International Cold Chain Conference. UK, Cambridge 29 - 31 Mar 2010 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Application of Phase Change Materials to Domestic Refrigerators
Marques, C., Davies, G., Maidment, G., Evans, J. and Wood I. (2010). Application of Phase Change Materials to Domestic Refrigerators. 9th IIR Conference on Phase Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning. Sofia, Bulgaria 29 Sep 210 - 01 Oct 2010 International Institute of Refrigeration.
Energy consumption in the UK food chill chain – primary chilling
Evans, J, Swain, M and James, S (2008). Energy consumption in the UK food chill chain – primary chilling. Food Manufacturing Efficiency. 2 (2), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1616/1750-2683.0033
Three-dimensional effects of an air curtain used to restrict cold room infiltration
Foster, A, Swain, MJ, Barrett, R, D apos Agaro, P, Ketteringham, LP and James, SJ (2007). Three-dimensional effects of an air curtain used to restrict cold room infiltration. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 31 (6), pp. 1109-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2006.04.005
Development of a novel multi-capillary, multi-temperature commercial refrigerator cabinet with common low-pressure receiver
Evans, JA, Hammond, E and Gigiel, A (2007). Development of a novel multi-capillary, multi-temperature commercial refrigerator cabinet with common low-pressure receiver. International Journal of Refrigeration. 31 (3), pp. 464-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.07.015
New apparatus to provide repeatable surface temperature-time treatments on inoculated food samples
Foster, A, Ketteringham, LP, Purnell, GL, Kondjoyan, A, Havet, M and Evans, JA (2006). New apparatus to provide repeatable surface temperature-time treatments on inoculated food samples. Journal of Food Engineering. 76 (1), pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.05.027
Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling to retail display and storage of food
Foster, A, Evans, J and James, SJ (2006). Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling to retail display and storage of food. CHISA 2006 - 17th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering. Prague, Czech Republic 27 - 31 Aug 2006 Czech Society of Chemical Engineering.
The changing face of refrigeration
Evans, J (2005). The changing face of refrigeration. Institute of Food Science and Technology. 19 (2), pp. 17-19.
The use of CFD to improve the performance of a chilled multi-deck retail display cabinet
Foster, A, Madge, M and Evans, JA (2005). The use of CFD to improve the performance of a chilled multi-deck retail display cabinet. International Journal of Refrigeration. 28 (5), pp. 698-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2004.12.009