E-cigarette support for smoking cessation: Identifying the effectiveness of intervention components in an online randomised optimisation trial

Dataset


Dawkins, L. and Kimber, C. (2023). E-cigarette support for smoking cessation: Identifying the effectiveness of intervention components in an online randomised optimisation trial. London South Bank University. https://doi.org/10.18744/lsbu.92xq8
AuthorsDawkins, L. and Kimber, C.
Abstract

This is an online study of 1214 UK smokers which aimed to determine which combination(s) of five intervention components can help smokers to stop smoking by using an e-cigarette. A balanced five-factor randomised factorial design was used, guided by the Multiphase Optimisation Strategy (MOST). The five intervention components were: i) tailored advice on which e-cigarette device to purchase; ii) tailored advice on which e-liquid nicotine strength to purchase; iii) tailored advice on which flavour to purchase; iv) brief information on relative harms of e-cigarettes vs smoking; v) text message support. Participants completed a baseline survey online and were then randomised to either receive or not receive each intervention component (resulting in 32 possible combinations). Tailored advice on device, nicotine strength and flavour were based on responses to baseline questions and were displayed at the end of the survey (for participants randomised to receive that condition). Follow up data was collected via a second online survey after 12 weeks to collect information on abstinence rates and adherence to intervention components. Logistic regressions were used to model the main effects and two-way interactions on the primary outcome (4-weeks abstinence) and secondary outcomes (7-day point prevalence and ≥50% smoking reduction). The full dataset and syntax (as SPSS files) are available.

Link to protocol: https://www.qeios.com/read/9RDLJA.3

Link to trial registry: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN54776958

Link to published paper: To follow (currently under review with Addiction)

KeywordsDigital interventions; Tailored advice; Smoking cessation; Smoking reduction; E-cigarettes; Multi-phase Optimisation Strategy (MOST); Tobacco; Nicotine; Vaping
Year2023
PublisherLondon South Bank University
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.18744/lsbu.92xq8
Funder/ClientMedical Research Council
Data files
License
Data type
Spreadsheet
Contents
Data
File Access Level
Open
Data collection period01 Apr 2020 to end of 31 Oct 2020
Data collection method

Baseline data was collected from 1455 smokers (N=1214 after removing 241 duplicates and bots – see data processing below) between April and July 2020. Between July and October 2020, 529 of the participants completed the 12-week follow up questionnaire in full and a further 107 provided information on the primary outcome variable only via text/email. Five intervention components were tested with each participant randomised to receive each component (ON) or not (OFF) resulting in 32 experimental conditions. Participants were eligible for inclusion if they were aged 18 or over, a daily smoker, resident in the UK, fluent in English, interested in quitting and using an e-cigarette, had access to a mobile phone and able to make an online purchase. Participants were provided with a voucher (to the value of £50) for making a purchase at the online store. Information collected at baseline included: demographic, smoking and vaping-related information; questions around preferences and nicotine dependence to inform tailoring of advice around device, flavour and nicotine strength; motivation and confidence in quitting; identity questions; and e-cigarette harm perceptions. At the 12-week follow up, data was collected on: smoking cessation and reduction outcome variables (continuous 4-weeks abstinence, 7-day point prevalence abstinence, smoking reduction from baseline); use of the product; adherence to recommendations and suitability of the advice, text messages and written information; identity questions and covid questions (given that the study commenced at the beginning of the first covid-19 lockdown). All variables are clearly labelled in SPSS and a description of the variables is provided below.

Data preparation and processing activities

Our inclusion criteria specified that an individual could only take part once. However, despite adding reCAPTCHA and blocking repeat entries from the same IP address, e-mail and phone number, our automated randomisation in Qualtrics failed to detect all duplicates and bots so some individuals were erroneously randomised.  Duplicates and bots are protocol violations and were defined as multiple completions from the same individual. These include participants who completed the survey in its entirety multiple times (often in quick succession) thus were randomised to more than one condition. Offending participants managed to circumvent our systems by supplying different email addresses or providing fake telephone numbers.  Polite emails were also sent out to repeat offenders to ask them to stop taking the survey and the survey was halted (for a few days) on two occasions to allow us to implement further measures (e.g. blocking repeat post-codes and updating inclusion criteria to only one entry per household). On every instance, only the first entry from that individual was included in the intention-to-treat analysis. All subsequent entries from that same individual were removed. Violations were systematically identified as follows:
Screening for repeated orders from the retailer where payment was made with the study voucher code (data repository from the retailer) 
Matching these entries across with Qualtrics datafile  
In the Qualtrics file looking for duplicate postal, email and IP addresses and/or phone number  
Reconciling email and IP addresses with the study voucher codes  
To remove violators, use the syntax or variable 100.

Data cleaning
Any missing data is coded as -99
-98 is used for ‘not applicable’
Age – Re-coded into Age_Cleaned
CPD: where a range was provided, the mean was taken for ‘CPD-Cleaned’
CPD_7days: Converted to ‘CPD_7days_Cleaned’ where a number was indicated followed by + or ‘plus’ – only the numerical value was taken. Where the number was indicated in ‘packs’ or ‘grams’ or ‘pouches’ – data was coded as missing. Where a range was given, the mean was taken. Extreme values (i.e. > 2000 a week) were considered to be typographical errors and were re-coded as missing.
Years_Smoking: Converted to ‘Years_Smoked_Cleaned’ - Where a range was provided, the mean was taken. Where years smoked exceeded current age, data was coded as missing
QuitAttempt_Number: Converted to ‘QuitAttempt_N_Cleaned’ – numbers written in words were converted to numerals. Vague responses (e.g. lots, several) were coded as missing.

Variable List (Data dictionary)
Variables 1 – 46 were collected at baseline. Variables 47 to 116 were collected at the 12-week follow up
Baseline Variables:
V.1: ID – participant ID
V.2: RecordedDate – Date the baseline questionnaire was completed
V.3: Baseline_violation – (see description above). Violator = a person who completed the survey more than once; Violation = any entries subsequent to the first entry from a violator. Coding was used so that a violation takes precedence over a violator as this was their first entry. Use the syntax to exclude only violations (coded 1).
V.5 – 11: Baseline demographic information
V.12 – V.22: Baseline Smoking-related Characteristics
V.23 – V.24: Tailoring question for advice on flavour: Those who reported that they smoked mostly menthol cigarettes were assigned to menthol flavour. Those who reported not smoking menthol were asked if they want something that tastes like smoking of a complete change. If they stated the former, they were assigned tobacco flavour. If the latter, they were assigned fruit flavour.
V.25 (FTC): - Tailoring question for advice on nicotine strength based on time to first cigarette. Participants who reported smoking within 5 minutes or within 6-30 minutes were assigned to the 18mg/mL nicotine strength. Those who reported they smoked between 31-60 minutes were assigned to the 14mg/mL nicotine strength. Those who reported they smoked after 60 minutes were assigned the 10mg/mL nicotine strength.
V.26 – V. 27: Motivation and confidence to quit
V.28 - V.31: Baseline dual-user, smoker, vaper and non-smoker self-identification measured using the single-item measure of social identification (SISI) by Postmes et al. (2013) – 7-point Likert-type scale with 1 strongly disagree to 7 strongly agree
V.32 - V.33: Previous e-cigarette use
V.34 - V.35: Reasons for stopping previous e-cigarette use or not trying e-cigarettes
V.37 – V.39: Tailoring questions for advice on e-cigarette device. Tailoring_Score_Device: Tailored advice on device was based on responses to the questions ‘ECMustbeSmall’ ‘ECLotsofVapour’ and ‘ECTechnicalitiesPutMeOff’. Participants scoring between 3-7 on ‘Tailoring_Score_Device’ variable were assigned to purchase the Tank system E-cig device (Arc 5). Those scoring between 8-11 were assigned the Tank system pen-like device (Tornado EX2). Those scoring 12 or above were assigned the Pod system (Scope P).
V.40: Perceptions of e-cigarette harm compared to smoking (taken from the ASH surveys in GB)
V.41 – 43: Recommendations to participants (if they had that component ON) regarding which device, nicotine strength and flavour to purchase
V.44: Score from the tailoring question to inform tailored advice on device (see Vs. 37-39 above).
V.45: Automated randomisation function generated in Qualtrics
V.46: Randomised condition: 1 – 32 (everyone ON through to everything OFF as per Table S1)
12-week Follow-up Variables
V.47: Primary Outcome: have you smoked in the last 4-weeks? (NOTE: V.109 below for intention to treat)
V. 48: Secondary Outcome: 7-day point prevalence abstinence (NOTE: V.110 below for intention to treat)
V. 49: Number of cigarettes smoked in the last 7 days.
V.50: How soon did you receive your e-cigarette
V.51: If not received, text box for why
V. 52: How soon after receiving the e-cigarette did you first use it?
V.53-54: Reasons for not using the e-cigarette
V.55: Time to stop smoking after first using the e-cigarette
V.56-57: Ease of setting up, ease of use
V.58: Did you make a quit attempt?
V.59: Are you still using the e-cigarette?
V.60: List of other products purchased
V.61 – 63: Adherence and suitability of the written information (CRUK infographic)
V.64 – 69: Adherence and suitability of the text messages
V.70 – 73: Follow up dual-user, smoker, vaper and non-smoker self-identification measured using the SISI (Postmes et al., 2013) ( 5-point Likert-type scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree) as Baseline measures was used)
V.74 – 82: Covid questions about influence on smoking and vaping and impact of media stories.
V.83 – 87: Adherence questions regarding tailored advice on device, nicotine strength and flavour
V.88 – 90: Ratings of suitability of the device, nicotine strength and flavour
V.91 – 96: Ratings of positive effects of the e-cigarette: satisfaction, hit, craving reduction, enjoyment, tastes & feels like smoking
V.97-99: Ratings of negative effects: throat irritation, dry mouth, other negative effects
V.100: Filter to exclude baseline violations (see data processing description above).
V.101: Permutation_Actual – same as V.46 (copied over from Qualtrics)
V.102 – 106: Lists whether each of the five intervention components were ON or OFF for each participant
V.107: Computed Variable: Percentage reduction in cigarettes per day from baseline to follow up (baseline minus follow-up; higher percentages = greater reduction).
V.108: Computed Variable for secondary outcome (>50% reduction – yes or no) based on V.107.
V.109 – 110: Primary and secondary outcome intention to treat variables (4-weeks abstinence, 7-days abstinence) including non-responders as smoking.
V.111: Did the participant consent for their personal data to be shared with other researchers?
V.112: Did the participant respond to the primary outcome (4-weeks abstinence) question either via the survey or via text.
V.113-114: Re-coded occupation and ethnicity variables
V.115-116: Computed variables for secondary analysis to include those who quit or reduced vs. those who did not.

Publication process dates
Deposited19 Jan 2023
Permalink -

https://openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk/item/92xq8

Restricted files

Data files

  • 969
    total views
  • 1
    total downloads
  • 2
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Change in vaping, smoking and dual use identities predicts quit success and cigarette usage: A prospective study of people quitting smoking with electronic cigarette support
Frings, D., Albery, I., Kimber, C., Naughton, F., Sideropoulos, V. and Dawkins, L. (2024). Change in vaping, smoking and dual use identities predicts quit success and cigarette usage: A prospective study of people quitting smoking with electronic cigarette support. British Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12735
Interventions for Quitting Vaping
Butler, A., Lindson, N., Livingstone-Banks, J., Notley, C., Turner, T., Rigotti, N., Fanshawe, T.R., Dawkins, L. and Hartmann-Boyce, J. (2024). Interventions for Quitting Vaping. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD016058
Young People’s use of Disposable Vapes: A Qualitative Study
Notley, C, Varley, A, Pope, I, Dawkins, L. and Ward, E (2024). Young People’s use of Disposable Vapes: A Qualitative Study. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16570
SRNT Europe Debate: The use of nicotine oral products in adults may be a rationale behaviour
Dawkins, L. and Hall, W. (2024). SRNT Europe Debate: The use of nicotine oral products in adults may be a rationale behaviour. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntae029
Communicating the Relative Health Risks of E-Cigarettes: An online experimental study exploring the Effects of a Comparative Health Message versus the EU Nicotine Addiction Warnings on Smokers’ and Non-Smokers’ Risk Perceptions and Behavioural Intentions
Kimber, C., Frings, D., Albery, I., Cox, S. and Dawkins, L. (2023). Communicating the Relative Health Risks of E-Cigarettes: An online experimental study exploring the Effects of a Comparative Health Message versus the EU Nicotine Addiction Warnings on Smokers’ and Non-Smokers’ Risk Perceptions and Behavioural Intentions. London South Bank University. https://doi.org/10.18744/lsbu.95y88
Examining acute psychopharmacological effects of nicotine vaping versus heated tobacco products in a randomised crossover study of product naive adult smokers
Kale, D., Tattan- Birch, H., Brown, J., Cox, S., Dawkins, L., Goniewicz, M., Morris, K. and Shahab, L. (2023). Examining acute psychopharmacological effects of nicotine vaping versus heated tobacco products in a randomised crossover study of product naive adult smokers. Scientific Reports. 13 (22676). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49602-3
Comparing identity, attitudes, and indicators of effectiveness in people who smoke, vape or use heated tobacco products: a cross-sectional study
Kale, D, Brown, J., Dawkins, L., Goniewicz, M., Leppin, C, Tattan-Birch, H and Shahab, L. (2023). Comparing identity, attitudes, and indicators of effectiveness in people who smoke, vape or use heated tobacco products: a cross-sectional study . Addictive Behaviors. 151, p. 107933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107933
Mobile Phone Text Messages to Support People to Stop Smoking by Switching to Vaping: Codevelopment, Coproduction, and Initial Testing Study.
Sideropoulos, V., Vangeli, E., Naughton, F., Cox, S., Frings, D., Notley, C., Brown, J., Kimber, C. and Dawkins, L. (2023). Mobile Phone Text Messages to Support People to Stop Smoking by Switching to Vaping: Codevelopment, Coproduction, and Initial Testing Study. JMIR Formative Research. 7, p. e49668. https://doi.org/10.2196/49668
Square Pegs, Round Holes: Issues and considerations from running a cluster Randomised Control Trial in people who smoke and experience homelessness
Soar, K., Mair, C., Cox, S. and Dawkins, L. (2023). Square Pegs, Round Holes: Issues and considerations from running a cluster Randomised Control Trial in people who smoke and experience homelessness. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Oslo 17 - 21 Sep 2019
Lessons learnt from Project SCeTCH: a multi-centre cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of e-cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation in those accessing homeless services
Soar, K., Cox, S. and Dawkins, L. (2023). Lessons learnt from Project SCeTCH: a multi-centre cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of e-cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation in those accessing homeless services . Smoking Cessation and Health. Manchester 14 - 14 Sep 2023
Mobile phone text messages to support people to stop smoking by switching to vaping: co-development, co-production, and initial testing
Sideropoulos, V., Vangeli, E., Naughton, F., Cox, S., Frings, D., Notley, C., Brown, J., Kimber, C. and Dawkins, L. (2023). Mobile phone text messages to support people to stop smoking by switching to vaping: co-development, co-production, and initial testing. JMIR Formative Research.
E‐cigarette support for smoking cessation: Identifying the effectiveness of intervention components in an on‐line randomized optimization experiment
Kimber, C., Sideropoulos, V., Cox, S., Frings, D., Naughton, F., Brown, J., McRobbie, H. and Dawkins, L. (2023). E‐cigarette support for smoking cessation: Identifying the effectiveness of intervention components in an on‐line randomized optimization experiment. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 118 (11), pp. 2105-2117. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16294
Medicalisation of vaping in the UK? E-cigarette users' perspectives on the merging of commercial and medical routes to vaping
Ward, E., Dawkins, L., Holland, R., Pope, I. and Notley, C. (2023). Medicalisation of vaping in the UK? E-cigarette users' perspectives on the merging of commercial and medical routes to vaping. Perspectives in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/17579139231185481
Is e-cigarette use associated with persistence or discontinuation of combustible cigarettes? A 24-month longitudinal investigation in young adult binge drinkers.
Martinez-Loredo, V., González-Roz, Alba, Dawkins, L., Singh, Desmond, Murphy, James G and MacKillop, J. (2022). Is e-cigarette use associated with persistence or discontinuation of combustible cigarettes? A 24-month longitudinal investigation in young adult binge drinkers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/6530318
Effects of e-cigarettes vs usual care for smoking cessation when offered at homeless centres: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial.
Soar, K., Mair, C., Dawkins, L., Bauld, L., Brown, R., Lennon, J, Ford, A., McMillan, L, Hajek, P., Li, J., Parrott, S., Notley, C., Ward, E' Varley, A, Robson, D., Pesola, F., Tyler, A., Carlisle, M and Dr Sharon Cox (2022). Effects of e-cigarettes vs usual care for smoking cessation when offered at homeless centres: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. London Network of Nurses and Midwives Homelessness Annual Conference. St Martins in the Field, London 01 - 01 Apr 2022
Comparing the Effects of the EU- Versus the US-JUUL Pod in a Sample of UK Smokers: Nicotine Absorption, Satisfaction, and Other Nicotine-Related Subjective Effects
Kimber, C., Zaidell, L., Hunter, S., Cox, S., Notley, C. and Dawkins, L. (2022). Comparing the Effects of the EU- Versus the US-JUUL Pod in a Sample of UK Smokers: Nicotine Absorption, Satisfaction, and Other Nicotine-Related Subjective Effects. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac289
Cutting down, quitting and motivation to stop smoking by self-reported COVID-19 status: Representative cross-sectional surveys in England.
Cox, S., Tattan-Birch, H., Jackson, S., Dawkins, L., Brown, J. and Shahab, L. (2022). Cutting down, quitting and motivation to stop smoking by self-reported COVID-19 status: Representative cross-sectional surveys in England. Addiction (Abingdon, England). https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16029
Evaluating the effectiveness of e‐cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation when offered to smokers at homeless centres: Protocol for a multi‐centre cluster randomised controlled trial in Great Britain
Cox, S., Bauld, Linda, Brown, R., Carlise, M., Ford, A., Hajek, P., Li, J., Notley, C., Parrott, S., Pesola, F., Robson, D., Soar, K., Tyler, A., Ward, E. and Dawkins, L. (2022). Evaluating the effectiveness of e‐cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation when offered to smokers at homeless centres: Protocol for a multi‐centre cluster randomised controlled trial in Great Britain. Addiction (Abingdon, England). https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15851
The time course of compensatory puffing with an electronic cigarette: Secondary analysis of real-world puffing data with high and low nicotine concentration under fixed and adjustable power settings
Cox, S., Goniewicz, M., Kosmider, Leon, McRobbie, H., Kimber, C. and Dawkins, Lynne (2021). The time course of compensatory puffing with an electronic cigarette: Secondary analysis of real-world puffing data with high and low nicotine concentration under fixed and adjustable power settings. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab013
Water Consumption Increases Handwriting Speed andVolume Consumed Relates to Increased Finger‑tapping Speed in Schoolchildren
Booth, P., Hunyadvari, N., Dawkins, L., Moore, D., Gentile-Rapinett, G. and Edmonds, C,J. (2021). Water Consumption Increases Handwriting Speed andVolume Consumed Relates to Increased Finger‑tapping Speed in Schoolchildren. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-021-00232-5
Dataset: Co-development of mobile phone text messages to support smokers’ quitting by switching to an e-cigarette
Sideropoulos, V., Vangeli, E., Naughton, F, Cox, S., Frings, D., Notley, C., Brown, J., Kimber, C. and Dawkins, L. (2021). Dataset: Co-development of mobile phone text messages to support smokers’ quitting by switching to an e-cigarette. London South Bank University. https://doi.org/10.18744/lsbu.8y92z
Development and Testing of Relative Risk-based Health Messages for Electronic Cigarette Products
Kimber, C., Cox, S., Frings, D., Albery, I. and Dawkins, L. (2021). Development and Testing of Relative Risk-based Health Messages for Electronic Cigarette Products. Harm Reduction Journal. 18 (96). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00540-1
Study protocol for Testing Nicotine Pod Vaping Devices: Are EU-TPD (Tobacco Product Directive) compliant pod-devices sufficiently satisfying to UK smokers?
Kimber, C., Cox, S., Notley, C., Hunter, S., Zaidell, L. and Dawkins, L. (2021). Study protocol for Testing Nicotine Pod Vaping Devices: Are EU-TPD (Tobacco Product Directive) compliant pod-devices sufficiently satisfying to UK smokers? In-principle acceptance in Nicotine and Tobacco Research. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/D5N2V
Exploration of the physical health of dual users of heroin and crack in methadone treatment who inject or have previously injected drugs
Heidebrecht, F., Macleod, M.B. and Dawkins, L. (2021). Exploration of the physical health of dual users of heroin and crack in methadone treatment who inject or have previously injected drugs. Heroin Addiction And Related Clinical Problems.
Changes in puffing topography and subjective effects over a 2-week period in e-cigarette naïve smokers: effects of device type and nicotine concentrations
Kimber, C., Soar, K. and Dawkins, L. (2021). Changes in puffing topography and subjective effects over a 2-week period in e-cigarette naïve smokers: effects of device type and nicotine concentrations. Addictive Behaviors. 118, p. 106909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106909
Does the content and source credibility of health and risk messages related to nicotine vaping products have an impact on harm perception and behavioural intentions? A systematic review
Erku, D., Bauld, L., Dawkins, L., Gartner, C., Steadman, K., Noar, S., Shrestha, S. and Morphett, K. (2021). Does the content and source credibility of health and risk messages related to nicotine vaping products have an impact on harm perception and behavioural intentions? A systematic review. Addiction. 116 (12), pp. 3290-3303. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15473
Vapers exhibit similar subjective nicotine dependence but lower nicotine reinforcing value compared to smokers
Rycroft, N., Hogarth, L., MacKillop, J. and Dawkins, L. (2020). Vapers exhibit similar subjective nicotine dependence but lower nicotine reinforcing value compared to smokers. Addictive Behaviors. 115, p. 106737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106737
User pathways of e‐cigarette use to support long term tobacco smoking relapse prevention: a qualitative analysis
Notley, C., Ward, E., Dawkins, L. and Holland, R. (2020). User pathways of e‐cigarette use to support long term tobacco smoking relapse prevention: a qualitative analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 116 (3), pp. 596-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15226
Tailored interventions to assist smokers to stop smoking using e-cigarettes (TASSE): Study protocol
Kimber, C., Cox, S., Frings, D. and Sideropoulos, V. (2020). Tailored interventions to assist smokers to stop smoking using e-cigarettes (TASSE): Study protocol. Qeios. https://doi.org/10.32388/9rdlja
Exploring the uptake and use of electronic cigarettes provided to smokers accessing homeless centres: a four-centre cluster feasibility study
Cox, S., Ford, A., Li, Ji., Best, C., Tyler, A., Robson, D., Bauld, L., Hajek, P., Uny, I., Parrott, S. and Dawkins, L. (2020). Exploring the uptake and use of electronic cigarettes provided to smokers accessing homeless centres: a four-centre cluster feasibility study. Journal of Public Health Research. 9 (7). https://doi.org/10.3310/phr09070
Study protocol for comparing the subjective effects and nicotine delivery associated with the use of the EU and the US JUUL pod vaping device in UK smokers
Kimber, C., Cox, S., Caitlin, N., Hunter, S., Zaidell, L. and Dawkins, L. (2020). Study protocol for comparing the subjective effects and nicotine delivery associated with the use of the EU and the US JUUL pod vaping device in UK smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research (OUP). https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5J3EW
A cluster feasibility trial to explore the uptake and use of e-cigarettes versus usual care offered to smokers attending homeless centres in Great Britain
Dawkins, L., Bauld, L., Ford, A., Robson, D., Hajek, P., Parrott, S., Best, C., Li, J., Tyler, A., Uny, I. and Cox, S. (2020). A cluster feasibility trial to explore the uptake and use of e-cigarettes versus usual care offered to smokers attending homeless centres in Great Britain. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240968
Responsibility, normalisation and negotiations of harm: E-cigarette users' opinions and experiences of vaping around children
Ward, E., Dawkins, L., Holland, R. and Notley, C. (2020). Responsibility, normalisation and negotiations of harm: E-cigarette users' opinions and experiences of vaping around children. International Journal of Drug Policy. 88, p. 103016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103016
Reported patterns of vaping to support long-term abstinence from smoking: a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of vapers
Gentry, S., Ward, E., Dawkins, L., Holland, R. and Notley, C. (2020). Reported patterns of vaping to support long-term abstinence from smoking: a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of vapers. Harm Reduction Journal. 17, p. 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00418-8
Data for: A cluster feasibility trial to explore the uptake and use of e-cigarettes versus usual care offered to smokers attending homeless centres in Great Britain
Dawkins, L., Cox, S., Tyler, A., Bauld, L, Ford, A, Robson, D, Hajek, P, Best, C, Li, J, Uny, I and Parrott, S (2020). Data for: A cluster feasibility trial to explore the uptake and use of e-cigarettes versus usual care offered to smokers attending homeless centres in Great Britain. London South Bank University. https://doi.org/10.18744/lsbu.8q255
A qualitative exploration of consumers’ perceived impacts, behavioural reactions, and future reflections of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2017) as applied to electronic cigarettes
Ward, E, Anholt, C, Gentry, S, Dawkins, L, Holland, R and Notely, C (2020). A qualitative exploration of consumers’ perceived impacts, behavioural reactions, and future reflections of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2017) as applied to electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Use Insights. 13, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X20925458
Daily exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and potential health risk associated with use of high and low nicotine e-liquid concentrations
Kosmider, L, Cox, S, Marzena, Z, Jolanta, K, Goniewicz, M, McRobbie, H, Kimber, C and Dawkins, L (2020). Daily exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde and potential health risk associated with use of high and low nicotine e-liquid concentrations. Scientific Reports. 10 (6546). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63292-1
Smoking amongst adults experiencing homelessness: A systematic review of prevalence rates, interventions and the barriers and facilitators to quitting and staying quit
Soar, K., Dawkins, L., Robson, D. and Cox, S. (2020). Smoking amongst adults experiencing homelessness: A systematic review of prevalence rates, interventions and the barriers and facilitators to quitting and staying quit. Journal of Smoking Cessation. 15 (2), pp. 94-108. https://doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2020.11
Communicating the Relative Health Risks of E-Cigarettes: An online experimental study exploring the Effects of a Comparative Health Message versus the EU Nicotine Addiction Warnings on Smokers’ and Non-Smokers’ Risk Perceptions and Behavioural Intentions.
Kimber, C., Frings, D., Cox, S., Albery, I. and Dawkins, L. (2020). Communicating the Relative Health Risks of E-Cigarettes: An online experimental study exploring the Effects of a Comparative Health Message versus the EU Nicotine Addiction Warnings on Smokers’ and Non-Smokers’ Risk Perceptions and Behavioural Intentions. Addictive Behaviors. 101, p. 106177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106177
E-cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy within the UK stop smoking services: The TEC RCT
Hajek, P, Phillips-Waller, A, Przulj, D, Pesola, F, Smith, KM, Bisal, N, Li, J, Parrott, S, Sasieni, P, Dawkins, L, Ross, L, Goniewicz, M, Wu, Q and McRobbie, HJ (2019). E-cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy within the UK stop smoking services: The TEC RCT. Health Technology Assessment. 23 (43), pp. vii-81. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta23430
A systematic review of smoking, smoking cessation and the homeless: there is a will but is there a way?
Cox, S., Dawkins, L., Robson, D. and Soar, K. (2019). A systematic review of smoking, smoking cessation and the homeless: there is a will but is there a way? Lisbon Addictions Conference 2019. Lisbon 09 - 11 Oct 2019
Investigating within-person patterns and trajectories of dual e-cigarette and tobacco use: the TRAJECT mixed methods study protocol
Cox, S., Notley, C., Dawkins, L., Naughton, F., Beard, E., Kimber, C., Ward, E., Holland, R. and Kwasnicka, D. (2019). Investigating within-person patterns and trajectories of dual e-cigarette and tobacco use: the TRAJECT mixed methods study protocol. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Oslo 17 - 21 Sep 2019
Cost-effectiveness of e-cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy in stop smoking services in England (TEC study): a randomised controlled trial
Li, J., Hajek, P., Pesola, F., Wu, Q., Phillips-Waller, A., Przuli, D., Myers Smith, K., Bisal, N., Sasieni, P., Dawkins, L., Ross, L., Goniewicz, M., McRobbie, H. and Parrott, S. (2019). Cost-effectiveness of e-cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy in stop smoking services in England (TEC study): a randomised controlled trial. Addiction. 115 (3), pp. 507-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14829
Data for 'Real-world’ compensatory behaviour with low nicotine concentration e-liquid: subjective effects and nicotine, acrolein and formaldehyde exposure
Dawkins, LE, Cox, S, Goniewicz, M, McRobbie, H, Kimber, CF, Doig, M and Kosmider, L (2019). Data for 'Real-world’ compensatory behaviour with low nicotine concentration e-liquid: subjective effects and nicotine, acrolein and formaldehyde exposure. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.18744/LSBU.002952
A randomized trial of E-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy
Hajek, P, Phillips-Waller, A, Przulj, D, Pesola, F, Smith, KM, Bisal, N, Li, J, Parrott, S, Sasieni, P, Dawkins, L, Ross, L, Goniewicz, M, Wu, Q and McRobbie, HJ (2019). A randomized trial of E-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 380 (7), pp. 629-637. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1808779
A cross sectional survey of smoking characteristics and quitting behaviour from a sample of homeless adults in Great Britain
Dawkins, L, Ford, A., Bauld, L, Balaban, S, Tyler, A and Cox, S (2019). A cross sectional survey of smoking characteristics and quitting behaviour from a sample of homeless adults in Great Britain. Addictive Behaviors. 95 (2019), pp. 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.020
Effects of e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy on short-term smoking abstinence when delivered at a community pharmacy
Cox, S, Dawkins, L, Dosh, J and Cameron, J (2019). Effects of e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy on short-term smoking abstinence when delivered at a community pharmacy. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100202
A multi-centre cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of e-cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation when offered to smokers accessing homeless services: methodological challenges and experiences of collaboration.
Soar, K., Cox, S. and Dawkins, L. (2018). A multi-centre cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of e-cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation when offered to smokers accessing homeless services: methodological challenges and experiences of collaboration. SSA Annual Conference, Society for the Study of Addiction. Newcastle 07 - 08 Nov 2018 Society for the Study of Addiction.
A Qualitative Exploration of the Role of Vape Shop Environments in Supporting Smoking Abstinence
Ward, E, Cox, SA, Dawkins, LE, Jakes, S, Holland, R and Notley, C (2018). A Qualitative Exploration of the Role of Vape Shop Environments in Supporting Smoking Abstinence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (2), p. 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020297
'Real-world' compensatory behaviour with low nicotine concentration e-liquid: subjective effects and nicotine, acrolein and formaldehyde exposure
Dawkins, LE, Cox, SA, Goniewicz, M, McRobbie, H, Kimber, CF, Doig, M and Kosmider, L (2018). 'Real-world' compensatory behaviour with low nicotine concentration e-liquid: subjective effects and nicotine, acrolein and formaldehyde exposure. Addiction. 113 (10), pp. 1874-1882. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14271
The unique contribution of e-cigarettes for tobacco harm reduction in supporting smoking relapse prevention
Notley, C, Ward, E, Dawkins, LE and Holland, R (2018). The unique contribution of e-cigarettes for tobacco harm reduction in supporting smoking relapse prevention. Harm Reduction Journal. 15 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0237-7
Global and local perspectives on tobacco harm reduction: what are the issues and where do we go from here?
Cox, SA and Dawkins, LE (2018). Global and local perspectives on tobacco harm reduction: what are the issues and where do we go from here? Harm Reduction Journal. 15 (32). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0239-5
A pre-post pilot study of electronic cigarettes to reduce smoking in people with severe mental illness
Hickling, L, Perez-Iglesias, R, McNeil, A, Dawkins, LE, Moxham, J, Ruffell, T, Sendt, K-V and McQuire, P (2018). A pre-post pilot study of electronic cigarettes to reduce smoking in people with severe mental illness. Psychological Medicine. 49 (6), pp. 1033-1040. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718001782
Correction: Global and local perspectives on tobacco harm reduction: What are the issues and where do we go from here? [Harm Reduct J., 15, (2018) (32)] DOI: 10.1186/s12954-018-0239-5
Cox, S and Dawkins, L (2018). Correction: Global and local perspectives on tobacco harm reduction: What are the issues and where do we go from here? [Harm Reduct J., 15, (2018) (32)] DOI: 10.1186/s12954-018-0239-5. Harm Reduction Journal. 15 (1), p. 37. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1186/s12954-018-0242-x
Nicotine absorption from e-cigarettes over 12 months
Soar, K, Kimber, CF, McRobbie, H and Dawkins, LE (2018). Nicotine absorption from e-cigarettes over 12 months. Addictive Behaviors. 91, pp. 102-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.019
Messages matter: The Tobacco Products Directive nicotine addiction health warning versus an alternative relative risk message on smokers' willingness to use and purchase an electronic cigarette
Cox, S, Frings, D., Ahmed, R and Dawkins, L. (2018). Messages matter: The Tobacco Products Directive nicotine addiction health warning versus an alternative relative risk message on smokers' willingness to use and purchase an electronic cigarette. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 8, pp. 136-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.09.006
The effects of the European E-cigarette health warning and comparative health messages on non-smokers' and smokers' risk perceptions and behavioural intentions: study protocol
Kimber, C, Frings, D, Cox, S, Albery, I and Dawkins, L (2018). The effects of the European E-cigarette health warning and comparative health messages on non-smokers' and smokers' risk perceptions and behavioural intentions: study protocol. BMC Public Health. 18 (1259). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6161-7
Vaping as an alternative to smoking relapse following brief lapse
Notley, C, Ward, E, Dawkins, L, Holland, R and Jakes, S (2018). Vaping as an alternative to smoking relapse following brief lapse. Drug and Alcohol Review. 38 (1), pp. 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12876
An exploration into “do-it-yourself” (DIY) e-liquid mixing: Users' motivations, practices and product laboratory analysis
Cox, S, Dawkins, L, Leigh, N, Choo, E, Vanderbush, T and Goniewicz, M (2018). An exploration into “do-it-yourself” (DIY) e-liquid mixing: Users' motivations, practices and product laboratory analysis. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 9, p. 100151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100151
Changing Behaviour: Electronic Cigarettes
Dawkins, LE and McRobbie, H (2017). Changing Behaviour: Electronic Cigarettes. British Psychological Society.
Compensatory puffing with lower nicotine concentration e-liquids increases carbonyl exposure in e-cigarette aerosols
Dawkins, LE, Kosmider, L, Kimber, C., Kurek, J and Corcoran, O (2017). Compensatory puffing with lower nicotine concentration e-liquids increases carbonyl exposure in e-cigarette aerosols. Nicotine and Tobacco Research (OUP). 20 (8), p. 998=1003. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx162
Predictors of heroin abstinence in opiate substitution therapy in heroin-only users and dual users of heroin and crack
Heidebrecht, F, MacLeod, MB and Dawkins, LE (2017). Predictors of heroin abstinence in opiate substitution therapy in heroin-only users and dual users of heroin and crack. Addictive Behaviors. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.013
E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure
Cox, S., Kośmider, L., McRobbie, H., Goniewicz, M., Kimber, C., Doig, M. and Dawkins, L. (2016). E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure. BMC Public Health. 16 (1). https://doi.org/DOI:10.1186/s12889-016-3653-1
Alcohol Gel Ingestion Among Homeless Eastern and Central Europeans in London: Assessing the Effects on Cognitive Functioning and Psychological Health
Dawkins, LE, Soar, K and Papaioannou, G (2016). Alcohol Gel Ingestion Among Homeless Eastern and Central Europeans in London: Assessing the Effects on Cognitive Functioning and Psychological Health. Substance Use and Misuse. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2016.1168441
Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects
Dawkins, LE, Kimber, C., Doig, M, Feyerabend, C and Corcoran, O (2016). Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology. 233 (15), pp. 2933-2941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4338-2
E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure (study protocol)
Dawkins, LE, Cox, SA, Kosmider, L, McRobbie, H, Goniewicz, M, Kimber, CF and Doig, M (2016). E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure (study protocol). BMC Public Health. 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3653-1
Adolescent awareness and use of electronic cigarettes: A review of emerging trends and findings
Dawkins, LE, Greenhill, R, Notley, C, Finn, M and Turner, J (2016). Adolescent awareness and use of electronic cigarettes: A review of emerging trends and findings. Journal of Adolescent Health. 59 (6), pp. 612-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.08.005
Recreational cocaine use is associated with attenuated latent inhibition
Soar, K., Dawkins, L., Page, F. and Woolridge, J. (2015). Recreational cocaine use is associated with attenuated latent inhibition. Addictive Behaviors. 50 (34-39). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.010
The effects of e-cigarette visual appearance on craving and withdrawal symptoms in abstinent smokers
Dawkins, L., Munafo, M., Christoforou, G., Olumegbon, N. and Soar, K. (2015). The effects of e-cigarette visual appearance on craving and withdrawal symptoms in abstinent smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 30 (1), pp. 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000112
Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users
Dawkins, L. and Corcoran, O. (2014). Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users. Psychopharmacology. 231 (2), pp. 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3249-8
First‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes: predictors of choice and effects on urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms
Dawkins, L., Kimber, C., Puwanesarasa, Y. and Soar, K. (2014). First‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes: predictors of choice and effects on urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms. Addiction. 110 (4), pp. 669-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12807
Water consumption, not expectancies about water consumption, affects cognitive performance in adults
Edmonds, C.J., Crombie, R., Baillieux, H., Gardner, M.R. and Dawkins, L. (2013). Water consumption, not expectancies about water consumption, affects cognitive performance in adults. Appetite. 60, pp. 148-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.016
Vaping? profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users
Dawkins, L. (2013). Vaping? profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users. UEL Research and Knowledge Exchange Conference 2013. London 26 Jun 2013 University of East London.
Neuropsychological effects associated with recreational cocaine use
Soar, K., Mason, C., Potton, A. and Dawkins, L. (2012). Neuropsychological effects associated with recreational cocaine use. Psychopharmacology. 222, pp. 633-643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2666-4
The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition
Dawkins, L., Turner, J.J.D., Hasna, S. and Soar, K. (2012). The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition. Addictive Behaviors. 37, pp. 970-973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004
Investigating the impact of nicotine on executive functions using a novel virtual reality assessment
Jansari, A.S., Froggatt, D., Edginton, T. and Dawkins, L. (2012). Investigating the impact of nicotine on executive functions using a novel virtual reality assessment. Addiction. 108, pp. 977-984.
Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers
Dawkins, L., Turner, J.J.D. and Crowe, E. (2012). Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers. Psychopharmacology. 227, pp. 377-384.
Effects of nicotine and alcohol on affective responses to emotionally toned film clips
Dawkins, L. and Powell, J (2011). Effects of nicotine and alcohol on affective responses to emotionally toned film clips. Psychopharmacology. 216, pp. 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2197-4
Expectation of having consumed caffeine can improve performance and mood
Dawkins, L., Shahzad, F.-Z., Ahmed, S.S and Edmonds, C.J. (2011). Expectation of having consumed caffeine can improve performance and mood. Appetite. 57, pp. 597-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.011
Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive, and motivational predictors
Powell, J.H., Dawkins, L., West, R., Powell, J.F. and Pickering, A. (2010). Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive, and motivational predictors. Psychopharmacology. 212, pp. 537-549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1975-8
Patterns of change in withdrawal symptoms, desire to smoke, reward motivation and response inhibition across 3 months of smoking abstinence
Dawkins, L., Powell, J.H., Pickering, A., Powell, J. and West, R. (2009). Patterns of change in withdrawal symptoms, desire to smoke, reward motivation and response inhibition across 3 months of smoking abstinence. Addiction. 104, pp. 850-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02522.x
The effects of cigarette smoking and abstinence on auditory verbal learning
Soar, K., Dawkins, L., Begum, H. and Parrott, A.C. (2008). The effects of cigarette smoking and abstinence on auditory verbal learning. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 23, pp. 621-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.968
The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips
Dawkins, L., Acaster, S. and Powell, J.H. (2007). The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips. Addictive Behaviors. 32, pp. 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.010
A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: II - Effects on response inhibition and executive functioning
Dawkins, L., Powell, J.H., West, R., Powell, J. and Pickering, A. (2007). A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: II - Effects on response inhibition and executive functioning. Psychopharmacology. 190, pp. 457-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0634-6
A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: I - Effects on incentive motivation
Dawkins, L., Powell, J.H., West, R., Powell, J. and Pickering, A. (2006). A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: I - Effects on incentive motivation. Psychopharmacology. 189, pp. 355-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0588-8
Cognitive and psychological correlates of smoking abstinence, and predictors of successful cessation
Powell, J.H., Pickering, A.D., Dawkins, L., West, R. and Powell, J.F. (2004). Cognitive and psychological correlates of smoking abstinence, and predictors of successful cessation. Addictive Behaviors. 29, pp. 1407-1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.06.006
Smoking, reward responsiveness, and response inhibition: tests of an incentive motivational model
Powell, J.H., Dawkins, L. and Davis, R.E. (2002). Smoking, reward responsiveness, and response inhibition: tests of an incentive motivational model. Biological Psychiatry. 51, pp. 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01208-2