The effects of e-cigarette visual appearance on craving and withdrawal symptoms in abstinent smokers

Journal article


Dawkins, L., Munafo, M., Christoforou, G., Olumegbon, N. and Soar, K. (2015). The effects of e-cigarette visual appearance on craving and withdrawal symptoms in abstinent smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 30 (1), pp. 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000112
AuthorsDawkins, L., Munafo, M., Christoforou, G., Olumegbon, N. and Soar, K.
Abstract

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming increasing popular among smokers, and there is a plethora of devices available. Nicotine delivery is clearly important for reducing tobacco craving and withdrawal symptoms, but other sensorimotor aspects of e-cigarettes (such as visual appearance) may contribute to this effect. This study explored whether it is important for an e-cigarette to visually resemble a tobacco cigarette in order to reduce craving and withdrawal symptoms. Sixty-three cigarette smokers (40% female, aged 18-65 years) who were not current e-cigarette users were randomly allocated to take ten 3-s puffs from either a white or a red first-generation e-cigarette following overnight abstinence. Current craving (urge to smoke) and nicotine withdrawal symptoms (using the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale [MPSS]) were measured before and 10 min after use. Linear regression revealed higher craving and withdrawal symptoms in the red condition versus the white condition, but only among those who were e-cigarette naive (craving: B = .76, p = .009; withdrawal symptoms: B = 2.18, p = .009), not among those with e-cigarette experience (craving: B = -.08, p = .89; withdrawal symptoms: B = .24, p = .81), and these effects differed between groups (p = .04 and 0.01 for craving and withdrawal symptoms, respectively). In conclusion, cigarette-like appearance was associated with lower craving and withdrawal symptoms, but only for those with no prior e-cigarette experience. This effect, putatively mediated via classical conditioning or expectancies, may aid understanding of smokers' initial preferences for "cigalike" e-cigarette devices.

Year2015
JournalPsychology of Addictive Behaviors
Journal citation30 (1), pp. 101-105
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association
ISSN 0893-164X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000112
Publication dates
Print28 Sep 2015
Publication process dates
Accepted06 Jul 2015
Deposited27 Jul 2021
Accepted author manuscript
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Open
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© 2015 APA This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record.

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Dawkins, LE, Cox, SA, Kosmider, L, McRobbie, H, Goniewicz, M, Kimber, CF and Doig, M (2016). E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure (study protocol). BMC Public Health. 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3653-1
Adolescent awareness and use of electronic cigarettes: A review of emerging trends and findings
Dawkins, LE, Greenhill, R, Notley, C, Finn, M and Turner, J (2016). Adolescent awareness and use of electronic cigarettes: A review of emerging trends and findings. Journal of Adolescent Health. 59 (6), pp. 612-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.08.005
Recreational cocaine use is associated with attenuated latent inhibition
Soar, K., Dawkins, L., Page, F. and Woolridge, J. (2015). Recreational cocaine use is associated with attenuated latent inhibition. Addictive Behaviors. 50 (34-39). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.010
Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users
Dawkins, L. and Corcoran, O. (2014). Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users. Psychopharmacology. 231 (2), pp. 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3249-8
First‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes: predictors of choice and effects on urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms
Dawkins, L., Kimber, C., Puwanesarasa, Y. and Soar, K. (2014). First‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes: predictors of choice and effects on urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms. Addiction. 110 (4), pp. 669-677. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12807
Water consumption, not expectancies about water consumption, affects cognitive performance in adults
Edmonds, C.J., Crombie, R., Baillieux, H., Gardner, M.R. and Dawkins, L. (2013). Water consumption, not expectancies about water consumption, affects cognitive performance in adults. Appetite. 60, pp. 148-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.016
Vaping? profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users
Dawkins, L. (2013). Vaping? profiles and preferences: an online survey of electronic cigarette users. UEL Research and Knowledge Exchange Conference 2013. London 26 Jun 2013 University of East London.
Neuropsychological effects associated with recreational cocaine use
Soar, K., Mason, C., Potton, A. and Dawkins, L. (2012). Neuropsychological effects associated with recreational cocaine use. Psychopharmacology. 222, pp. 633-643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2666-4
The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition
Dawkins, L., Turner, J.J.D., Hasna, S. and Soar, K. (2012). The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition. Addictive Behaviors. 37, pp. 970-973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004
Investigating the impact of nicotine on executive functions using a novel virtual reality assessment
Jansari, A.S., Froggatt, D., Edginton, T. and Dawkins, L. (2012). Investigating the impact of nicotine on executive functions using a novel virtual reality assessment. Addiction. 108, pp. 977-984.
Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers
Dawkins, L., Turner, J.J.D. and Crowe, E. (2012). Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers. Psychopharmacology. 227, pp. 377-384.
Effects of nicotine and alcohol on affective responses to emotionally toned film clips
Dawkins, L. and Powell, J (2011). Effects of nicotine and alcohol on affective responses to emotionally toned film clips. Psychopharmacology. 216, pp. 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2197-4
Expectation of having consumed caffeine can improve performance and mood
Dawkins, L., Shahzad, F.-Z., Ahmed, S.S and Edmonds, C.J. (2011). Expectation of having consumed caffeine can improve performance and mood. Appetite. 57, pp. 597-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.011
Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive, and motivational predictors
Powell, J.H., Dawkins, L., West, R., Powell, J.F. and Pickering, A. (2010). Relapse to smoking during unaided cessation: clinical, cognitive, and motivational predictors. Psychopharmacology. 212, pp. 537-549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1975-8
Patterns of change in withdrawal symptoms, desire to smoke, reward motivation and response inhibition across 3 months of smoking abstinence
Dawkins, L., Powell, J.H., Pickering, A., Powell, J. and West, R. (2009). Patterns of change in withdrawal symptoms, desire to smoke, reward motivation and response inhibition across 3 months of smoking abstinence. Addiction. 104, pp. 850-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02522.x
The effects of cigarette smoking and abstinence on auditory verbal learning
Soar, K., Dawkins, L., Begum, H. and Parrott, A.C. (2008). The effects of cigarette smoking and abstinence on auditory verbal learning. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 23, pp. 621-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.968
The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips
Dawkins, L., Acaster, S. and Powell, J.H. (2007). The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips. Addictive Behaviors. 32, pp. 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.010
A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: II - Effects on response inhibition and executive functioning
Dawkins, L., Powell, J.H., West, R., Powell, J. and Pickering, A. (2007). A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: II - Effects on response inhibition and executive functioning. Psychopharmacology. 190, pp. 457-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0634-6
A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: I - Effects on incentive motivation
Dawkins, L., Powell, J.H., West, R., Powell, J. and Pickering, A. (2006). A double-blind placebo controlled experimental study of nicotine: I - Effects on incentive motivation. Psychopharmacology. 189, pp. 355-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0588-8
Cognitive and psychological correlates of smoking abstinence, and predictors of successful cessation
Powell, J.H., Pickering, A.D., Dawkins, L., West, R. and Powell, J.F. (2004). Cognitive and psychological correlates of smoking abstinence, and predictors of successful cessation. Addictive Behaviors. 29, pp. 1407-1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.06.006
Smoking, reward responsiveness, and response inhibition: tests of an incentive motivational model
Powell, J.H., Dawkins, L. and Davis, R.E. (2002). Smoking, reward responsiveness, and response inhibition: tests of an incentive motivational model. Biological Psychiatry. 51, pp. 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01208-2