The video review system in association football: implementation and effectiveness for match officials and referee education

Journal article

Pizzera, A., Marrable, J. and Raab, M. (2022). The video review system in association football: implementation and effectiveness for match officials and referee education. Managing Sport and Leisure. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2147856
AuthorsPizzera, A., Marrable, J. and Raab, M.
Abstract

Rationale: There has been continued debate in the world of sport over the effectiveness and merits of video technology as a decision aid for sports officials. In 2018, the video assistant referee (VAR) was introduced in association football. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence and effectiveness of a video review system for match officials and their education in association football.
Design: Using an online video test, qualified football referees (N=109) categorized contentious penalty decisions across 48 short videos. Manipulating the number of viewings, playback speed and visual perspectives, referee decision accuracy and decision confidence were assessed. Findings: The results show an overall decision accuracy of 65.69%. Additionally, the results reveal significant differences between the different review conditions; particularly, improvements in accuracy for an increased number of viewings, a slowed playback speed and alternate visual perspectives.
Practical implications: The results provide a greater understanding of the effects a decision review system in association football has on the decision accuracy and confidence of referees and further contribute to the use of video review for referee education.
Research contribution: The current study extends research on the effects of different viewing perspectives, repeated viewings, and slower video speed on visual accuracy and the quality of cognitive-evaluative processes.

KeywordsSport official; decision making; perspective; slow motion
Year2022
JournalManaging Sport and Leisure
PublisherTaylor & Francis
ISSN2375-0480
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2147856
Web address (URL)https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2147856
Publication dates
Print23 Nov 2022
Publication process dates
Accepted11 Nov 2022
Deposited29 Nov 2022
Accepted author manuscript
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Open
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Copyright © 2022 Taylor & Francis. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Managing Sport and Leisure on 22/11/2022, available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/23750472.2022.2147856

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Walking back to the future: The impact of walking backward and forward on spatial 2 and temporal concepts
Raab, M, Loeffler, J and Cañal-Bruland, R (2017). Walking back to the future: The impact of walking backward and forward on spatial 2 and temporal concepts. Experimental Psychology. 64, pp. 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000377
Implicit and explicit knowledge both improve dual task performance in a continuous pursuit tracking task
Ewolds, H, Broeker, L, de Oliveira, RF, Raab, M and Künzell, S (2017). Implicit and explicit knowledge both improve dual task performance in a continuous pursuit tracking task. Frontiers in Psychology. 8, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02241
From confidence crises and action norms to self-reflection and individual actions
Raab, M, Hoffmann, S, Laborde, S and Lobinger, B (2017). From confidence crises and action norms to self-reflection and individual actions. Zeitschrift fur Sportpsychologie. 24 (3), pp. 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000199
Individual differences in athletes' perception of expressive body movements
Sevdalis, V and Raab, M (2016). Individual differences in athletes' perception of expressive body movements. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 24, pp. 111 - 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.02.001
A Lifespan Perspective on Embodied Cognition
Raab, M, Loeffler, J and Cañal-Bruland, R (2016). A Lifespan Perspective on Embodied Cognition. Frontiers in Psychology. 1 (June), pp. 1 - 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00845
How Effective Is a Video Review System in Soccer?
Pizzera, A, Marrable, J and Raab, M (2016). How Effective Is a Video Review System in Soccer? 6th International Teaching Games for Understanding Conference (TGfU). Cologne, Germany 25 - 27 Jul 2016 Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2016.1213610
Attentional distraction by negative sports words in athletes under low- and high-pressure conditions: Evidence from the sport emotional stroop task
Lautenbach, F, Putman, P, Angelidis, A, Laborde, S and Raab, M (2016). Attentional distraction by negative sports words in athletes under low- and high-pressure conditions: Evidence from the sport emotional stroop task. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 5 (4), pp. 296 - 307. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000073
Auditory reafferences: The influence of real-time feedback on movement control
Kennel, C, Streese, L, Pizzera, A, Justen, C, Hohmann, T and Raab, M (2015). Auditory reafferences: The influence of real-time feedback on movement control. Frontiers in Psychology. 6 (JAN), pp. 69-. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00069
How should "hot" players in basketball be defended? The use of fast-and-frugal heuristics by basketball coaches and players in response to streakiness.
Csapo, P, Avugos, S, Raab, M and Bar-Eli, M (2015). How should "hot" players in basketball be defended? The use of fast-and-frugal heuristics by basketball coaches and players in response to streakiness. Journal of Sports Sciences. 33 (15), pp. 1580-1588. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.999251
The power of simplicity: a fast-and-frugal heuristics approach to performance science.
Raab, M and Gigerenzer, G (2015). The power of simplicity: a fast-and-frugal heuristics approach to performance science. Frontiers in Psychology. 6, pp. 1672-1678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01672
"Hand down, man down." Analysis of defensive adjustments in response to the hot hand in basketball using novel defense metrics
Csapo, P and Raab, M (2014). "Hand down, man down." Analysis of defensive adjustments in response to the hot hand in basketball using novel defense metrics. PLoS ONE. 9 (12), pp. e114184-e114184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114184
An adaptive toolbox approach to the route to expertise in sport.
de Oliveira, RF, Lobinger, B and Raab, M (2014). An adaptive toolbox approach to the route to expertise in sport. Frontiers in Psychology. 5, p. 709. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00709
Reinvestment - The cause of the yips?
Klämpfl, MK, Lobinger, BH and Raab, M (2013). Reinvestment - The cause of the yips? PLoS ONE. 8 (12), pp. e82470-e82470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082470