Application of Leg, Vertical, and Joint Stiffness in Running Performance: A Literature Overview

Journal article


Struzik, A., Karamanidis, K., Lorimer, A., Keogh, J. and Gajewski, J. (2021). Application of Leg, Vertical, and Joint Stiffness in Running Performance: A Literature Overview. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics. 2021, pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9914278
AuthorsStruzik, A., Karamanidis, K., Lorimer, A., Keogh, J. and Gajewski, J.
AbstractStiffness, the resistance to deformation due to force, has been used to model the way in which the lower body responds to landing during cyclic motions such as running and jumping. Vertical, leg, and joint stiffness provide a useful model for investigating the store and release of potential elastic energy via the musculotendinous unit in the stretch-shortening cycle and may provide insight into sport performance. This review is aimed at assessing the effect of vertical, leg, and joint stiffness on running performance as such an investigation may provide greater insight into performance during this common form of locomotion. PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases were searched resulting in 92 publications on vertical, leg, and joint stiffness and running performance. Vertical stiffness increases with running velocity and stride frequency. Higher vertical stiffness differentiated elite runners from lower-performing athletes and was also associated with a lower oxygen cost. In contrast, leg stiffness remains relatively constant with increasing velocity and is not strongly related to the aerobic demand and fatigue. Hip and knee joint stiffness are reported to increase with velocity, and a lower ankle and higher knee joint stiffness are linked to a lower oxygen cost of running; however, no relationship with performance has yet been investigated. Theoretically, there is a desired “leg-spring” stiffness value at which potential elastic energy return is maximised and this is specific to the individual. It appears that higher “leg-spring” stiffness is desirable for running performance; however, more research is needed to investigate the relationship of all three lower limb joint springs as the hip joint is often neglected. There is still no clear answer how training could affect mechanical stiffness during running. Studies including muscle activation and separate analyses of local tissues (tendons) are needed to investigate mechanical stiffness as a global variable associated with sports performance.
KeywordsBiomedical Engineering; Bioengineering; Medicine (miscellaneous); Biotechnology
Year2021
JournalApplied Bionics and Biomechanics
Journal citation2021, pp. 1-25
PublisherHindawi
ISSN1754-2103
1176-2322
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9914278
Publication dates
Online21 Oct 2021
Print21 Oct 2021
Publication process dates
Accepted17 Sep 2021
Deposited05 Nov 2021
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McCrum, C, Epro, G, Meijer, K, Zijlstra, W, Brüggemann, G-P and Karamanidis, K (2016). Locomotor stability and adaptation during perturbed walking across the adult female lifespan. Journal of Biomechanics. 49 (7), pp. 1244-1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.02.051
Use of a Lucas-Kanade-Based Template Tracking Algorithm to Examine In Vivo Tendon Excursion during Voluntary Contraction Using Ultrasonography.
Karamanidis, K, Travlou, A, Krauss, P and Jaekel, U (2016). Use of a Lucas-Kanade-Based Template Tracking Algorithm to Examine In Vivo Tendon Excursion during Voluntary Contraction Using Ultrasonography. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 42 (7), pp. 1689-1700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.02.019
Visual and proprioceptive contributions to postural control of upright stance in unilateral vestibulopathy.
Eysel-Gosepath, K, McCrum, C, Epro, G, Brüggemann, G-P and Karamanidis, K (2016). Visual and proprioceptive contributions to postural control of upright stance in unilateral vestibulopathy. Somatosensory and Motor Research. 33 (2), pp. 72-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2016.1178635
Matching participants for triceps surae mechanical properties eliminates age-related differences in drop jump performance
Koenig, M, Hemmers, S, McCrum, C, Epro, G, Ackermans, TMA, Hartmann, U and Karamanidis, K (2016). Matching participants for triceps surae mechanical properties eliminates age-related differences in drop jump performance. 11th Joint Conference on Motor Control & Learning, Biomechanics & Training of the German Society of Sports Sciences. Darmstadt, Germany 28 - 30 Sep 2016
Aging and the effects of a half marathon on Achilles tendon force-elongation relationship.
Ackermans, TMA, Epro, G, McCrum, C, Oberländer, KD, Suhr, F, Drost, MR, Meijer, K and Karamanidis, K (2016). Aging and the effects of a half marathon on Achilles tendon force-elongation relationship. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 116 (11-12), pp. 2281-2292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3482-z
Age-related differences in drop jump performance are eliminated when triceps surae mechanical properties are matched
Koenig, M, Hemmers, S, McCrum, C, Epro, G, Ackermans, TMA, Hartmann, U and Karamanidis, K (2016). Age-related differences in drop jump performance are eliminated when triceps surae mechanical properties are matched. Dutch Society for Movement Sciences (VvBN) PhD Day 2016. Maastricht 09 - 09 Nov 2016
Effect of exercise-induced enhancement of the leg-extensor muscle-tendon unit capacities on ambulatory mechanics and knee osteoarthritis markers in the elderly.
Karamanidis, K, Oberländer, KD, Niehoff, A, Epro, G and Brüggemann, G-P (2014). Effect of exercise-induced enhancement of the leg-extensor muscle-tendon unit capacities on ambulatory mechanics and knee osteoarthritis markers in the elderly. PLoS ONE. 9 (6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099330