A realist evaluation of an enhanced court‐based liaison and diversion service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders

Journal article

Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., Marshall‐Tate, K., Ali, S., Harvey, D., Childs, J., Xenitidis, K., Srivastava, S., McKinnon, I., Robinson, L., Allely, C.S., Hardy, S. and Forrester, A. (2023). A realist evaluation of an enhanced court‐based liaison and diversion service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2315
AuthorsChaplin, E., McCarthy, J., Marshall‐Tate, K., Ali, S., Harvey, D., Childs, J., Xenitidis, K., Srivastava, S., McKinnon, I., Robinson, L., Allely, C.S., Hardy, S. and Forrester, A.
Abstract

Background
In England, court-based mental health liaison and diversion (L&D) services work across courts and police stations to support those with severe mental illness and other vulnerabilities. However, the evidence around how such services support those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) is limited.

Aims
This study aimed to evaluate, through the lens of court and clinical staff, the introduction of a L&D service for defendants with NDs, designed to complement the existing L&D service.

Methods
A realist evaluation was undertaken involving multiple agencies based within an inner-city Magistrates' Court in London, England. We developed a logic model based on the initial programme theory focusing on component parts of the new enhanced service, specifically training, screening, signposting and interventions. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the court staff, judiciary and clinicians from the L&D service.

Results
The L&D service for defendants with NDs was successful in identifying and supporting the needs of those defendants. Benefits of this service included knowledge sharing, awareness raising and promoting good practice such as making reasonable adjustments. However, there were challenges for the court practitioners and clinicians in finding and accessing local specialist community services.

Conclusion
A L&D service developed for defendants with NDs is feasible and beneficial to staff and clinicians who worked in the court setting leading to good practice being in place for the defendants. Going forward, a local care pathway would need to be agreed between commissioners and stakeholders including the judiciary to ensure timely and equitable access to local services by both defendants and practitioners working across diversion services for individuals with NDs.

Year2023
JournalCriminal Behaviour and Mental Health
PublisherWiley
ISSN1471-2857
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2315
Web address (URL)https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2315
Funder/ClientGuys and St Thomas Trust (GSTT)
Publication dates
Online06 Nov 2023
Publication process dates
Accepted27 Sep 2023
Deposited07 Nov 2023
Publisher's version
License
File Access Level
Open
Permalink -

https://openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk/item/957yz

Download files

Publisher's version
Criminal Behav Ment Health - 2023 - Chaplin - A realist evaluation of an enhanced court‐based liaison and diversion service.pdf
License: CC BY 4.0
File access level: Open

  • 55
    total views
  • 19
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 1
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Challenges to the real-world delivery of brief alcohol interventions in the custody suite: qualitative study
Jarrett, M., Mills, T., Mallion, J., Sykes, S., Wills, J. and Chaplin, E. (2024). Challenges to the real-world delivery of brief alcohol interventions in the custody suite: qualitative study. BJPsych bulletin. https://doi.org/doi:10.1192/bjb.2024.48
Evaluating Doppel’s impact on Anxiety and Focus amongst adults with ADHD
Bartlett, G., Frings, D. and Chaplin, E. (2024). Evaluating Doppel’s impact on Anxiety and Focus amongst adults with ADHD. PLOS Digital Health. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000555
Improving support for older autistic adults with intellectual impairments and their family carers
Chaplin, E., Martin, N., Krupa, J., Knowles, G., Mayhew, M. and Sanchez, P. (2024). Improving support for older autistic adults with intellectual impairments and their family carers. Good Autism Practice. 25 (1), pp. 49-57.
Welcome to the 14th European Congress of Mental Health in Intellectual Disability
Chaplin, E. (2023). Welcome to the 14th European Congress of Mental Health in Intellectual Disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.13084
Evaluation of the Kent Serious Youth Violence Project
Havard, T., Magill. C., Flood, C., Harvey, D., Shepherd, B., Miller, E. and Whittaker, A. (2023). Evaluation of the Kent Serious Youth Violence Project.
Recognising & responding to defendants with intellectual disability in court settings
McCarthy, J., Chaplin, E., Harvey, D., Marshall-Tate, K., Ali, S. and Forrester, A. (2023). Recognising & responding to defendants with intellectual disability in court settings. Forensic Science International: Mind and Law. 4, p. 100116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsiml.2023.100116
History taking for patients who lack mental capacity
Allabyrne, C., Delree, J.. and Chaplin, E. (2023). History taking for patients who lack mental capacity. in: Hill, B. and Mitchell, A. (ed.) Non Medical Prescribing at a Glance Wiley.
Adults with Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Is the Evidence around the Use of Polypharmacy
McCarthy, J.M. and Chaplin, E. (2022). Adults with Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Is the Evidence around the Use of Polypharmacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315974
Court liaison and diversion services for people with neurodevelopmental conditions: A House of Lords consensus meeting.
Chaplin, E., Lord Keith Bradley, The Rt Hon, McCarthy, J. and Forrester, A. (2022). Court liaison and diversion services for people with neurodevelopmental conditions: A House of Lords consensus meeting. Medicine, Science and the Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024221121620
Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London, UK
Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., Ali, S., Marshall-Tate, K., Xenitidis, K., Harvey, D., Childs, J., Srivastava, S., McKinnon, I., Robinson, L., Allely, C., Hardy, S., Tolchard, B. and Forrester, A. (2022). Severe mental illness, common mental disorders, and neurodevelopmental conditions amongst 9088 lower court attendees in London, UK. BMC Psychiatry. 22 (551). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04150-4
History Taking for patients who lack mental capacity
Allabyrne, C., Delree, J. and Chaplin, E. (2022). History Taking for patients who lack mental capacity. in: Advanced Clinical Practice at a glance Wiley.
Defendants with intellectual disability and autism spectrum conditions the perspective of clinicians working across three jurisdictions
Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., Hayes, S, Søndenaa, E, Chester, V, Morrissey, C, Allely, CS and Forrester, A. (2021). Defendants with intellectual disability and autism spectrum conditions the perspective of clinicians working across three jurisdictions. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 29 (5), pp. 698-717. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2021.1976297
Prisoners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Co-morbidities & Service Pathways
Chaplin, E., Rawat, A., Perera, B., McCarthy, J., Courtenay, K., Forrester, A., Young, S., Hayward,H., Sabet, J., Underwood, L., Mills, R., Asherson, P. and and Murphy, D. (2021). Prisoners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Co-morbidities & Service Pathways. international Journal of Prisoner Health. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-03-2021-0020
Evaluation of a liaison and diversion Court Mental Health Service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., Marshall-Tate, K., Ali, S., Xenitidis, K., Childs, J., Harvey, D., McKinnon, I., Robinson, Louise, Hardy, S., Srivastava, Samir, Allely, Clare S, Tolchard, Barry and Forrester, Andrew (2021). Evaluation of a liaison and diversion Court Mental Health Service for defendants with neurodevelopmental disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 119, p. 104103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104103
Welcome to the 13th European Congress of Mental Health in Intellectual Disability
Chaplin, E. (2021). Welcome to the 13th European Congress of Mental Health in Intellectual Disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 65 (8), pp. 689-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12870
Self-harm and Mental Health Characteristics of Prisoners with elevated rates of autistic traits.
Chaplin, E., McCarthy, J., Allely, C.S., Forrester, A., Underwood, L., Hayward, H., Sabet, J., Young, S., Mills, R., Asherson, P. and Murphy, D. (2021). Self-harm and Mental Health Characteristics of Prisoners with elevated rates of autistic traits. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 114, p. 103987. https://doi.org/S0891-4222(21)00136-0
Prisoners with neurodevelopmental difficulties: Vulnerabilities for mental illness and self‐harm
McCarthy, Jane, Chaplin, E., Forrester, A., Underwood, Lisa, Hayward, Hannah, Sabet, Jess, Young, Susan, Mills, Richard, Asherson, Philip and Murphy, Declan (2020). Prisoners with neurodevelopmental difficulties: Vulnerabilities for mental illness and self‐harm. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. 29 (5-6), pp. 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2132
Peter & friends talk about COVID-19 and having a learning disability and/or autism
Cronin, P,, Hardy, S,, Roberts, M,, Burke, C,, Mahon, D, and Chaplin, E, Chaplin, Edward (ed.) (2020). Peter & friends talk about COVID-19 and having a learning disability and/or autism. London Penge Publishers.
A literature review about the prevalence and identification of people with an intellectual disability within Court Liaison and Diversion Services.
Marshall-Tate, K, Chaplin, E, McCarthy, J and Grealish, A (2020). A literature review about the prevalence and identification of people with an intellectual disability within Court Liaison and Diversion Services. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIDOB-10-2019-0023
Learning disabilities: supporting people in the criminal justice system
Marshall-Tate, K., Chaplin, E., Ali, S. and Hardy, S. (2019). Learning disabilities: supporting people in the criminal justice system. Nursing Times. 115 (7), pp. 22-26.
A Clinician's Guide to Mental Health Conditions in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Assessment and Interventions
Chaplin, E., Spain, D. and McCarthy, C. (2019). A Clinician's Guide to Mental Health Conditions in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Assessment and Interventions. Jessica Kingsley.
Evaluating a peer support model of community wellbeing for mental health: A coproduction approach to evaluation
Hardy, S, Chaplin, E and Hallett, N (2019). Evaluating a peer support model of community wellbeing for mental health: A coproduction approach to evaluation. Mental Health & Prevention. 13, pp. 149-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2019.01.007
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
Chaplin, E and Mccarthy, J (2018). Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). in: Hemmings, C (ed.) Mental Health in Intellectual Disabilities 5th edition handbook resource for support staff and managers in learning disability services. Pavilion.
Supporting the physical health needs of people with learning disabilities
Francis, R, Chaplin, E and Marshall-Tate, K Hardy, S, Chaplin, E and Woodward, P (ed.) (2016). Supporting the physical health needs of people with learning disabilities. Hove Pavilion.
Learning disability today fourth edition: The essential handbook for support staff, service providers, families and carers
Chaplin, E, Jennings, M, Concannon, G, Francis, R, Delree, J and Bedford, L (2018). Learning disability today fourth edition: The essential handbook for support staff, service providers, families and carers. Hove Pavilion.
Anxiety disorders
McCarthy, J and Chaplin, E (2016). Anxiety disorders. in: Hemmings, C and Bouras, N (ed.) Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Third Edition Cambridge. pp. 89-98
Working with Children and Young People with Learning Disabilities and Comorbid Mental Health/ Autism/ Challenging Behaviour Conditions: A Workforce Development Project
Hardy, SE, Chaplin, E and Tolchard, B (2018). Working with Children and Young People with Learning Disabilities and Comorbid Mental Health/ Autism/ Challenging Behaviour Conditions: A Workforce Development Project. London South Bank University. https://doi.org/10.18744/PUB.002105
Outcomes of an Inner City Forensic Intellectual Disability Service
Wooster, L, McCarthy, J and Chaplin, E (2018). Outcomes of an Inner City Forensic Intellectual Disability Service. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1108/JIDOB-08-2017-0016
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Hate Crime
Chaplin, E and Mukhopadhyay, S (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorders and Hate Crime. Advances in Autism. 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0015
Editorial
Chaplin, E and McCarthy, J (2018). Editorial. Advances in Autism. 4 (2), pp. 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-03-2018-0010
Editorial
Chaplin, E and McCarthy, J (2018). Editorial. Advances in Autism. 4 (1), p. 1. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-12-2017-0025
Crossing the divide: a longitudinal study of effective treatments for people with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan.
Murphy, D, Glaser, K, Hayward, H, Cadman, T, Findon, J, Woodhouse, E, Ashwood, K, Beecham, J, Bolton, P, McEwan, F, Wilson, E., Ecker, C, Wong, I, Simonoff, E, Russell, A, McCarthy, J, Chaplin, E, Young, S and Asherson, P (2018). Crossing the divide: a longitudinal study of effective treatments for people with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Programme Grants for Applied Research. 6 (2), pp. 1-240. https://doi.org/10.3310/pgfar06020
Commentary on “diagnosis and treatment of ASD in women in secure and forensic hospital”
Chaplin, E and McCarthy, J (2018). Commentary on “diagnosis and treatment of ASD in women in secure and forensic hospital”. Advances in Autism. 5 (1), pp. 77-79. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-10-2018-0040
Outcomes for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disability
Underwood, L, McCarthy, J and Chaplin, E (2017). Outcomes for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disability. in: Barahona Correa, B and Vander Gaag, R-J (ed.) Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults Switzerland Springer. pp. 111-128
Editorial
Chaplin, E and McCarthy, J (2017). Editorial. Advances in Autism. 3 (1), pp. 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-11-2016-0029
The SAINT: a guided self-help intervention for people with intellectual disabilities
Chaplin, E, Craig, T, McCarthy, J and Bouras, N (2017). The SAINT: a guided self-help intervention for people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities.
A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Psychological Approaches in the Treatment of Sex Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities
Jones, E and Chaplin, E (2017). A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Psychological Approaches in the Treatment of Sex Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 33 (1), pp. 79-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12345
Is “transforming care” failing people with autism?
Marshall-Tate, K, Chaplin, E and McCarthy, J (2017). Is “transforming care” failing people with autism? Advances in Autism. 3 (2), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-10-2016-0027
Feeling down and understanding depression
Cronin, P, Peyton, L and Chaplin, E (2017). Feeling down and understanding depression. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities. 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-12-2016-0044
The case for Guided Self Help for People with Intellectual Disabilities
Chaplin, E and Marshall-Tate, K (2017). The case for Guided Self Help for People with Intellectual Disabilities. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities. 11 (3), pp. 126-130. https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-10-2016-0030
Screening and Diagnostic Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Mental Health Comorbidity in a Male Prison
Chaplin, E, McCarthy, J and Underwood, L (2017). Screening and Diagnostic Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Mental Health Comorbidity in a Male Prison. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 10 (S1).
Defendants with Autism Spectrum Disorders: What is the role of Court Liaison and Diversion?
Chaplin, E, McCarthy, J and Forrester, A (2017). Defendants with Autism Spectrum Disorders: What is the role of Court Liaison and Diversion? Advances in Autism. 3 (4), pp. 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1108/aia-08-2017-0018
Characteristics of prisoners with intellectual disabilities
Chaplin, E, McCarthy, J, Underwood, L, Forrester, A, Hayward, H, Sabet, J, Mills, R, Young, S, Asherson, P and Murphy, D (2017). Characteristics of prisoners with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 61 (12), pp. 1185-1195. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12441
Editorial
Chaplin, E (2016). Editorial. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities. 10 (6), pp. 313-314. https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-10-2016-0031
Editorial
Chaplin, E (2016). Editorial. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities. 10 (5), pp. 273-274. https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-10-2016-0028
Screening for co-occurring conditions in adults with autism spectrum disorder using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A pilot study
Findon, J, Cadman, T, Stewart, CS, Woodhouse, E, Eklund, H, Hayward, H, De Le Harpe Golden, D, Chaplin, E, Glaser, K, Simonoff, E, Murphy, D, Bolton, PF and McEwen, F (2016). Screening for co-occurring conditions in adults with autism spectrum disorder using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A pilot study. Autism Research. 9 (12), pp. 1353-1363. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1625
Personal experiences of autism and secure units
Ghosh, S and Chaplin, E (2016). Personal experiences of autism and secure units. Advances in Autism. 2 (3), pp. 147-150. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-04-2016-0010
Autism spectrum disorder traits among prisoners
Underwood, L, McCarthy, J, Chaplin, E, Forrester, A, Mills, R and Murphy, D (2016). Autism spectrum disorder traits among prisoners. Advances in Autism. 2 (3), pp. 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-11-2015-0023
Commentary on 'Autism, mental health and offending behaviour: a mother's quest for healthcare'
Chaplin, E and McCarthy, J (2016). Commentary on 'Autism, mental health and offending behaviour: a mother's quest for healthcare'. Advances in Autism. 2 (4), pp. 215-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-06-2016-0015
Social anxiety in adult males with autism spectrum disorders
Spain, D, Happe, F, Johnston, P, Campbell, M, Sin, J, Daly, E, Ecker, C, Ansom, M, Chaplin, E, Glaser, K, Mendez, A, Lovell, K, Murphy, DG and MRC Aims Consortium (2016). Social anxiety in adult males with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 32, pp. 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2016.08.002