Experimental observations of tsunami induced scour at onshore structures

Tsunami inundation of the coastal environment can induce scour at structure foundations leading to failure. A series of
experiments are made using a unique Pneumatic Long Wave Generator to generate tsunami wave periods of 25 - 147
s equating to 3 - 17.3 mins at 1:50 Froude scale. The waves propagate over a sloping bathymetry and impinge upon a
square structure founded onshore in a flat sediment bed. Flow velocity, height and scour are recorded as a function of
time during tsunami inundation. The rate of scour is observed to be time dependent. Equilibrium, which is not attained,
is argued to be an inappropriate measure for time-dependent transient flows such as tsunami in which the flow
velocity, depth and direction are variable. The maximum scour depth is recorded and critically is observed not to be
equal to the final depth due to significant sediment slumping when flow velocities reduce in the latter stages of
inundation. Current and wave scour predictor equations over predict the scour, while the ASCE 7-16 method under
predicts. Comparisons with available data in the literature show longer inundation durations increase the amount of
scour.